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Query: UMLS:C0311277 (abdominal obesity)
 2,792 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We measured blood gases, steady state diffusing lung capacity, global and partial lung ductances in 16 subjects aged from 20 to 63 in supine and seated position. We obtained three types of response. In group I, (n = 6) blood gases and TLCO increased probably chiefly due to an increase of perfusion of lung apices and a more even distribution of regional VA/Q (all these subjects are young and thin). In group II, (n = 4) blood gases and TLCO decreased probably due to a ventilation at closing volume level with a decrease of ventilation in the dependent parts of the lung (2 subjects with abdominal obesity and a third who is the oldest one). In group III (n = 7), PaO2 decreased but DLCO increased. Probably ventilation took a slight place in closing volume. The increase of the exchange surface area is likely to be unable to compensate the arterial hypoxemia induced by the low VA/Q in the dependent parts of the lung. Influence of body position seems to be a function of age which increases closing volume.
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PMID:[Influence of body position on human gas exchanges. Role of age (author's transl)]. 33 43

A study of cardiovascular risk factors including anthropometry was performed as part of the MONICA project in 1988 in the population of six districts of the Czech Republic. In addition to probands' weight and height, the circumferences of waist and hips were measured to calculate the index of body fat distribution given as WHR (wast/hip ratio). In the age group of 25-64 years, WHR was significantly higher in men (0.936) than in women (0.836 - p < 0.001); in either sex, its value rose with increasing age. WHR values were statistically significantly higher in this group than those found in a Finnish population where males aged 25-64 years had a mean WHR value of 0.90 (p < 0.001), and women of the same age group had a mean WHR of 0.78 (p < 0.001). An analysis of the relationship between abdominal obesity and some cardiovascular risk factors revealed significant correlations between WHR and total cholesterol (men: r = 0.112, p < 0.001; women: r = 0.122, p < 0.001), HDL cholesterol (men: r = -0.184, p < 0.001; women = -0.23, p < 0.001); atherogenic index, i.e., total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol (men: r = 0.183, p < 0.001; women: r = 0.345, p < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (men: r = 0.295, p < 0.001; women: r = 0.263, p < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (men: r = 0.32, p < 0.001; women: r = 0.237, p < 0.001). The closest correlation was demonstrated between WHR and BMI (men: r = 0.525, p < 0.001; women r = 0.345, p < 0.001). The authors believe WHR is an important parameter for cardiovascular risk assessment and should be determined on a routine basis. The frequent prevalence of abdominal obesity, as suggested by the high values of WHR, contributes to the high cardiovascular risk of the population of the Czech Republic.
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PMID:The effect of body fat distribution on cardiovascular risk factors in the population of the Czech Republic. 130 15

Anthropometric measurements were carried out on 100 women selected randomly from the population of two cities in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. The data obtained in this study were then compared to those reported earlier for European countries. This comparison indicates that the Saudi women are on average more obese than their European counterparts, with a preponderance of abdominal obesity. This is discussed in terms of socio-economic changes which this area has undergone in the last 50 years.
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PMID:Obesity and fat distribution in women from Saudi Arabia. 133 72

Subcutaneous adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) was measured by the local clearance of 133Xe from the abdominal and femoral regions of nine individuals with non-endocrine obesity before and after seven days of fasting. Fifteen non-obese individuals served as controls. In the obese group ATBF was similar in the abdominal and femoral regions, 1.7 +/- 0.2 and 1.8 +/- 0.2 ml/min/100 g adipose tissue, respectively. In contrast, in the non-obese group the abdominal ATBF was higher, 4.1 +/- 0.6 and 2.4 +/- 0.2 ml/min/100 g adipose tissue, respectively (P < 0.01). During fasting, ATBF in the abdominal region increased by 45% (P < 0.01), but it remained unchanged in the femoral region. The mechanisms behind the differences in responses to fasting in the two regions are unsettled but may depend on regional differences in lipolytic activity and responses to vasoactive substances. Furthermore, the vasodilator response to fasting in the abdominal region in combination with the higher lipolytic rate in that region may be a pathophysiological factor behind the increased cardiovascular morbidity associated with abdominal obesity.
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PMID:Subcutaneous adipose tissue blood flow in the abdominal and femoral regions in obese women: effect of fasting. 133 42

The relationships between body fatness, adipose tissue distribution, plasma glucose, insulin levels, lipoprotein levels, and resting blood pressure were studied in 81 men aged 36.0 +/- 3.3 years (mean +/- s.d.) (body mass index (BMI): 27.4 +/- 3.8 kg/m2, percentage body fat: 26.4 +/- 6.6%). Systolic and diastolic blood pressures (BP) were significantly associated with the BMI (r = 0.31, r = 0.33, P < 0.01), the waist circumference (r = 0.33, r = 0.27; P < 0.01) as well as with adipose tissue areas measured by computerized tomography (CT) (0.27 < or = r < or = 0.36, P < 0.01). Furthermore, the relative accumulation of subcutaneous abdominal fat, as estimated by the ratio of abdominal to femoral adipose tissue areas measured by CT, was positively correlated with systolic and diastolic BP (P < 0.01). Fasting plasma insulin level (r = 0.30, P < 0.01) as well as the insulin area measured during an oral glucose tolerance test (0.34 < or = r < or = 0.37, P < 0.01) were significantly correlated with blood pressure. Systolic and diastolic BP were significantly associated with HDL2-cholesterol (C) as well as with the HDL2-C/HDL3-C ratio (-0.24 < or = r < or = -0.34), whereas triglycerides (r = 0.23) and the HDL-C/C ratio (r = -0.23) were significantly correlated with diastolic BP only (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis indicated that the insulin area was the most important variable associated with blood pressure and that this association was independent of total body fatness and regional adipose tissue distribution. Plasma insulin levels explained 14% and 11% of the variance observed in the systolic and diastolic blood pressures respectively. These results suggest that most of the association between abdominal obesity and high blood pressure is mediated by the hyperinsulinemia and/or the related insulin resistant state.
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PMID:Relation of abdominal obesity to hyperinsulinemia and high blood pressure in men. 133 43

Abdominal obesity is closely associated with risk factors for cardiocerebrovascular disease and NIDDM and the precipitation of these diseases. Together, they seem to constitute a metabolic syndrome where hyperinsulinaemia, insulin resistance, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, visceral fat accumulation, cardiocerebrovascular disease and NIDDM are the individual constituents. The background to this syndrome might be a primary aberration expressing itself as an increased sensitivity of the hypothalamo-adrenal axis, and subsequent inhibition of sex steroid hormone secretions. This in turn will probably be followed by metabolic derangements, primarily peripheral insulin resistance, as well as by visceral fat accumulation by mechanisms which are partially visualized by recent work in the field. Visceral fat accumulation may then amplify the metabolic aberrations via hepatic effects of excessive concentrations of portal FFA, producing hyperproteinaemia, hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia and, perhaps, hypertension. The background to the central endocrine aberration remains more speculative, but factors leading to increased cortisol production, including specific stress reactions, tobacco smoking and alcohol may turn out to be important. The tentative conclusion provides a hypothesis for further work, and has recently obtained considerable support from further observations in humans in other than the endocrine and metabolic areas, as well as from studies in experimental animal models, where such factors can be studied under fully controlled conditions, which is not possible in humans for ethical reasons.
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PMID:Regional fat distribution--implications for type II diabetes. 133 83

A male fat distribution pattern with abdominal obesity increases the risk for hypertension and cardiovascular disease, and is closely linked to a number of metabolic aberrations including insulin resistance. Recent observations suggest that changes in the peripheral vasculature may be of pathophysiological importance for the development of hypertension and its associated metabolic disturbances. We therefore investigated the hemodynamic correlates of abdominal obesity. A central fat distribution was found to be associated with a specific hemodynamic profile, characterized by elevated total peripheral resistance and lower cardiac output. In response to sympathoadrenal activation during mental stress, the normal cardiac output-dependent pressor response was reversed into a systemic vasoconstrictor response. There was a direct relationship between degree of abdominal obesity (expressed as waist-hip ratio) and fasting serum insulin. Furthermore, the stress-induced increase in total peripheral resistance correlated positively with fasting serum insulin concentration, whereas there was an inverse relation between serum insulin and cardiac output and heart rate. In a second study, the circulatory responses to stress during physiological hyperinsulinemia were investigated. During hyperglycemic hyperinsulinemia the central hemodynamic response to stress was changed into a systemic vasoconstrictor response. In the forearm the physiological vasodilation during stress was markedly attenuated, suggesting that insulin may have peripheral vascular effects. In conclusion, central obesity is associated with a specific hemodynamic pattern characterized by higher total peripheral resistance and lower cardiac output, and a vasoconstrictor response to psychosocial stress. This hemodynamic response pattern may be related to insulin metabolism.
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PMID:Hemodynamics of the male fat distribution pattern. 134 31

Obesity is a multifactorial disease with a marked genetic component. The situation is further complicated by the heterogeneity of obesity demonstrated by the topographical distribution of body fat, e.g. upper body (central) and lower body (gluteal) obesity. Furthermore, the distribution of fat shows a stronger heritable tendency compared with total body fat. Central obesity is characterized by hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance, a feature in common with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, hypertension and atherosclerosis. In order to study the molecular genetics of central obesity we have examined 56 severely obese (mean body mass index 40), unrelated British Caucasoid young non-diabetic women for associations of restriction fragment length polymorphism of candidate genes with anthropometric measurements and indices of insulin secretion and resistance. The candidate genes examined were insulin receptor, insulin sensitive glucose transporter and insulin. An association of the class 3 allele of the hypervariable region in the 5' flanking region of the insulin gene was found with upper segment obesity (P = 0.005). Furthermore, the class 3 allele was also associated with fasting hyperinsulinaemia (P = 0.01), stimulated insulin secretion (P = 0.01) and insulin resistance as calculated from the homeostatic model of assessment (HOMA; P = 0.008). No such associations were found with the other candidate genes studied. This data suggests that polymorphisms in the 5' flanking region of the insulin gene may affect expression of the gene and thereby modulate insulin production in severely obese female subjects.
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PMID:Central obesity and hyperinsulinaemia in women are associated with polymorphism in the 5' flanking region of the human insulin gene. 135 60

The purpose of the study was to describe the proportion of the variation in blood lipid levels [high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), total cholesterol, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDLC) and triglycerides] explained by different measures of overall obesity [body fat (kg), percentage body fat, or body mass index (kg/m2)] and abdominal obesity [waist/hip ratio, waist/thigh ratio or waist circumference (cm)]. This was done in a Danish population sample of 1523 men and 1464 women aged 35-65 years. This was done to assess, on a population level, the effects on the different lipid levels to be expected from a possible reduction in the level of obesity. The proportion of the variation in lipid levels explained by the various measures of overall obesity differed only slightly, as did the proportion of the variation in lipid levels explained by the various measures of abdominal obesity. In men more of the variation in the blood lipids could be explained by overall obesity than by abdominal obesity, whereas in women the reverse was true. More of the variation in the lipids was explained by overall obesity in men than in women, but more of the variation was explained by abdominal obesity in women than in men. In women the obesity measures predicted between 0% and 11% of the variation in lipid level, and in men the obesity measures predicted between 0% and 14% of the variation. Between 16% and 30% in women and between 5% and 21% in men of the variation in the lipid levels could be explained by obesity, age and several lifestyle variables.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The variation in blood lipid levels described by various measures of overall and abdominal obesity in Danish men and women aged 35-65 years. 139 77

A public health strategy carries more constraints than a high risk strategy because it targets both low risk and high risk individuals; this requires cautious intervention and hence achieves only a modest reduction in risk. Nevertheless, a modest population-wide fall in the concentrations of atherogenic lipoproteins leads to substantial numbers of preventable heart attacks and deaths. Other strategic considerations are to lower non-lipid cardiovascular risks (hypertension, clotting tendency) and to prevent other diet-related disease (such as cancer) through interventions which lower plasma lipids. The major nutritional changes which achieve this are optimising energy balance, reducing total fats and saturated fatty acids and increasing plant foods which are rich sources of unsaturated fatty acids, fibre and antioxidants. Each of these contributes to optimising the low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration. Antioxidants (vitamins C and E mainly) may inhibit LDL oxidation. The strategy for lowering plasma triglyceride, especially in the context of atherogenic lipoprotein phenotypes, is mainly through energy balance, reduced saturated fat and alcohol. Correcting overweight especially in those with abdominal obesity, may normalise raised plasma triglyceride, low high density lipoprotein (HDL), abnormal LDL and even glucose intolerance and hypertension, which may be associated. The scientific basis for the lipid optimising effects of the different nutrients will be discussed.
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PMID:Optimising plasma lipids: public intervention versus high risk management. 144 40


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