Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0282612 (PIN)
 2,291 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Focal treatment for prostate cancer is highly intriguing, but poorly supported by the published literature. Further studies, preferably randomized controlled trials, are needed before this can be considered standard therapy. Focal treatment should be reserved for patients with focal disease. Even "clinically insignificant" synchronous tumors are malignant, and carry risk of progression if not treated with the index lesion. Whether these are likely to progress in this setting compared to those managed with active surveillance is unknown. The limited data regarding subtotal or focal cryotherapy suggest that patients properly evaluated for presence of satellite tumors have a low risk of having large unknown satellite tumors. The author requires office-based saturation biopsy prior to considering focal cryotherapy. Observation of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), atypical findings (ASAP), or cancer on the contralateral biopsy cores excludes the patient from consideration of subtotal therapy. MRI offers a potential additional ability to detect occult contralateral tumors. Younger men paradoxically seem to have greater interest in focal therapy while having a higher risk of future malignancy in the untreated areas based on the years of potential risk. However, no age cutoff is established. Without published data to support its use, lumpectomy or freezing only the focus where cancer is believed to exist, will remain limited. Hemispheric or subtotal treatment decreases the amount of untreated tissue. As a result, the local failure rate would be predicted to be lower but is unknown. When performing subtotal treatment, the author freezes almost the entire gland, sparing only the aspect adjacent to the contralateral neurovascular bundle, and has found this practice to be of highly limited utility based on the issues described. Biopsy should be performed following any treatment that fails to target the entire gland. A positive biopsy should be dealt with based on clinical factors as if the patient had not been treated, and a positive biopsy should not preclude active surveillance if deemed appropriate.
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PMID:Focal or subtotal therapy for early stage prostate cancer. 1770 Nov 10

In eukaryotes, N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) is a conserved AAA+ ATPase and a key component of the membrane trafficking machinery that promotes the fusion of secretory vesicles with target membranes. Here, we demonstrate that the Arabidopsis thaliana genome contains a single copy of NSF, AtNSF, which plays an essential role in the regulation of leaf serration. The AtNSF knock-down mutant, atnsf-1, exhibited more serrations in the leaf margin. Moreover, polar localization of the PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) auxin efflux transporter was diffuse around the margins of atnsf-1 leaves and root growth was inhibited in the atnsf-1 mutant. More PIN1-GFP accumulated in the intracellular compartments of atnsf-1 plants, suggesting that AtNSF is required for intracellular trafficking of PIN between the endosome and plasma membrane. Furthermore, the serration phenotype was suppressed in the atnsf-1 pin1-8 double mutant, suggesting that AtNSF is required for PIN1-mediated polar auxin transport to regulate leaf serration. The CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON2 (CUC2) transcription factor gene is up-regulated in atnsf-1 plants and the cuc2-3 single mutant exhibits smooth leaf margins, demonstrating that AtNSF also functions in the CUC2 pathway. Our results reveal that AtNSF regulates the PIN1-generated auxin maxima with a CUC2-mediated feedback loop to control leaf serration. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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PMID:AtNSF regulates leaf serration by modulating intracellular trafficking of PIN1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. 3328 29