Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0282612 (PIN)
 2,291 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The basal cell layer (BCL) is believed to be absent in malignant but present in nonmalignant epithelial lesions of the prostate. Using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) immunoperoxidase method, we examined the value of the monoclonal antibody cocktail MA-903, which stains selectively the prostatic BCL layer, in the distinction between benign and malignant epithelial lesions of the prostate. We immunostained histologic sections of 63 prostates, containing 235 morphologic appearances: normal prostate glands, 43; benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), 59; basal cell hyperplasia (BCH), 24; adenosis, seven; prostatic intraductal neoplasia (PIN 1), 21; PIN 2, 25; PIN 3, 16; and cancer, 40. Some degree (continuous, continuous with focal disruption, and disrupted patterns) of basal cell staining was demonstrable in all normal and BPH, BCH, and PIN 1 lesions, but was absent in 39 of 40 cancers. However, not every gland in benign lesions stained positively. Further, two of 25 PIN 2 and six of 16 PIN 3 lesions failed to reveal BCL. Our results suggest that the presence or absence of BCL, predicated on cytokeratin MA-903 immunoreactivity, may be a useful indicator in the distinction between benign and malignant epithelial lesions of the prostate.
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PMID:Cytokeratin immunohistochemistry as a diagnostic tool for distinguishing malignant from benign epithelial lesions of the prostate. 128 45

Projections from the acoustic thalamus to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (AL) have been implicated in the formation of emotional memories. In order to begin elucidating the cellular basis of emotional learning in this pathway, the ultrastructure and synaptic associations of acoustic thalamus efferents terminating in AL were studied using wheat-germ agglutinated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) and Phaseolus vulgaris Leucoagglutinin (Pha-L) as ultrastructural anterograde axonal markers. The tracers were injected into those areas of the thalamus (medial division of the medial geniculate body and posterior intralaminar nucleus, MGM/PIN) known both to project to AL and to receive afferents from the inferior colliculus. Terminals labeled with WGA-HRP or Pha-L in AL contained mitochondria and many small, round clear vesicles and 0-3 large, dense-core vesicles. Most labeled terminals formed asymmetric synapses on unlabeled dendrites; of these the majority were on dendritic spines. These data demonstrate that projections from the acoustic thalamus form synapses in AL and provide the first characterization of the ultrastructure and synaptic associations of sensory afferent projections to the amygdala.
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PMID:Ultrastructure and synaptic associations of auditory thalamo-amygdala projections in the rat. 171 5

Peoscopy was performed in order to assess penile lesions in the male sexual partners of 326 women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or flat condyloma (FC). Each patient was submitted to a careful naked-eye inspection, peoscopy and biopsy of any suspicious lesion which was confirmed histologically and immunohistochemically. A brush cytologic examination of the distal portion of the urethra was also performed. The distribution of penile lesions was as follows: (1) 8 patients with herpes virus infection; (2) 37 patients with condyloma accuminata (CA); (3) 89 patients with FC; (4) 51 patients with FC and CA; (5) 18 patients with penile intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (PIN-I); (6) 2 patients with PIN-II; (7) 17 patients with PIN-III; (8) 92 patients with no penile lesions; (9) 7 patients with human papilloma virus infection of papillae coronae glandis, and (10) 5 patients with FC of the distal portion of the urethra. Naked-eye inspection revealed the presence of penile lesions in 39 of 233 patients (16.73%). Peoscopic examination revealed the presence of penile lesions in 233 of 326 patients (71.48%). In 135 of 155 patients the peoscopic findings were in accordance with the histologic diagnosis (87.09%). Immunohistochemical (by indirect peroxidase-antiperoxidase method) detection of virus antigens was positive in 16 of 34 patients (47.03%). It is concluded that peoscopy of the male sexual partners of women with CIN or FC should be performed to better assess the treatment used in the couple.
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PMID:Peoscopic diagnosis of flat condyloma and penile intraepithelial neoplasia. Clinical manifestation. 919 25

Ki-67 and P53 expression were studied using immunohistochemistry on tissue samples obtained during transurethral electroresection or needle biopsy in 62 patients with prostatic lesions: group 1 (n = 15)--benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), group 2 (n = 10)--high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN 3), group 3 (n = 10)--low-grade prostatic carcinoma (PC, Gleason score 2-4), group 4 (n = 12) intermediate-grade prostatic carcinoma (PC, Gleason score 5-7) and group 5 (n = 15) high-grade prostatic carcinoma (PC, Gleason score 8-10). Moreover, in the groups examined the associations between expression of Ki-67 and P53 were analysed. Paraffin-embedded tissue samples were immunostained with monoclonal antibody anti-P53 and polyclonal antibody anti-Ki-67 using avidinbiotin-peroxidase method. Our study revealed lack of Ki-67 and P53 immunoreactivity in BPH. Only 3 out of 10 high-grade PIN exhibited Ki-67 positivity, but there was no immunopositivity of P53 protein in this group. Although immunopositivity of Ki-67 increased with the histological grade of prostatic cancer, the differences in Ki-67 expression between intermediate and high-grade cancer did not reach statistical significance. A similar level of Ki-67 reactivity in intermediately-differentiated and poorly-differentiated prostate cancer suggests a similar biology of these cancers. P53 protein positivity was noted in 62.2% cases of prostate cancer. Moreover, the highest level of P53 accumulation in intermediate-grade carcinomas may predict the aggressive progression and risk of metastases in these cases. No significant differences in P53 immunopositivity between low-grade and high-grade PC were noted. Interestingly, only in low-grade PC there was a significant positive correlation between expression of Ki-67 and P53 protein.
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PMID:Ki-67 antigen and P53 protein expression in benign and malignant prostatic lesions. Immunohistochemical quantitative study. 1083 1

Human kallikreins 6, 10 and 13 (hK6, hK10 and hK13) are expressed by many normal, mainly glandular tissues, including prostatic epithelium. Some kallikreins may function as tumor suppressors or are downregulated during cancer progression. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunoexpression of these kallikreins in benign and malignant prostatic tissues and correlate their expression with prostate cancer (PC) prognosis. Included in the study were 25 cases of nonmalignant prostate and 179 cases of PC. Among them, 122 PC cases were immunostained for hK6, 94 for hK10 and 113 for hK13, respectively. The follow-up period for a subset of 68 patients who had undergone radical prostatectomy (RP) was 1-58 months (mean=13.4 +/- 1.7 and median=8.0 months). A cutoff value of 0.2 microg/l of serum PSA was established as a biochemical recurrence threshold. Follow-up information was available for 26/55 RP cases stained for hK6, 14/32 cases stained for hK10 and 25/59 cases stained for hK13. Gleason score (GS) 7 carcinomas were stratified as 7a and 7b, according to the primary grade. PC with GS 2-7a were histologically categorized as low malignant (LM) and PC with GS 7b-10 as high malignant (HM). The immunohistochemical method of streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies was performed. In the benign prostate and in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, a cytoplasmic immunostaining of varying intensity was evident. In PC, the immunoexpression of all kallikreins was decreased: 102/122 cases (84%) were positive for hK6, 73/94 (78%) for hK10 and 97/113 (86%) for hK13, respectively. A statistically significant difference in expression was found, in comparison to nonmalignant prostates (P=0.029, 0.009 and 0.045, respectively). Also, a positive correlation was observed between the immunoexpression of these three kallikreins. Concerning the histological grade, HM-PC expressed all three kallikreins with a slightly higher percentage than LM-PC: 79 vs 88% for hK6, 76 vs 79% for hK10 and 76 vs 92% for hK13. These differences were statistically significant only in the case of hK13 (P=0.024). Serum PSA did not correlate with kallikrein immunoexpression in PC. Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between kallikrein expression and pathological stage or recurrence, in the cases of RP. All three kallikreins are expressed in the nonmalignant and malignant prostate, with cancer tissues demonstrating slightly lower expression. Expression levels did not correlate with aggressiveness and they do not seem to have value for prostate cancer prognosis.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical localization of human kallikreins 6, 10 and 13 in benign and malignant prostatic tissues. 1297 Jul 25

Alpha-methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase (AMACR; P504S) is a mitochondrial and peroxisomal enzyme involved in the metabolism of branched-chain fatty acid and bile acid intermediates. Recently, AMACR has been demonstrated to be overexpressed in localized and metastatic prostate cancer and in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia but not in normal prostatic glands, suggesting that it may be an important tumor marker. This study examines AMACR expression in a variety of human cancers to assess its viability as a tumor marker in the clinical setting. Two hundred sixty-three cancers from different sites were examined in three multitumor tissue micro arrays, which included two or three tissue cores (1.0 mm in diameter) from each neoplastic and normal tissue specimen. Cancers studied included breast (94 cases), prostate (38), lung (28), endometrium (27), colon (29), ovary (26), and melanoma (21). Normal tissues in the microarray were prostate (15), lung (6), endometrium (5), colon (4), ovary (2), and skin (3). Sections were immunostained, after prior pressure cooker antigen retrieval, using rabbit monoclonal AMACR antibody (1:40) (Zeta Corp, Sierra Madre, CA) and horseradish peroxidase-labeled polymer conjugated secondary antibody (Envision, Dako, Carpinteria, CA). A section of prostate cancer and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia was used as positive control. Protein expression was scored as negative, weak (faint cytoplasmic or granular apical staining), moderate (diffuse granular cytoplasmic stain), and strong (diffuse intense cytoplasmic stain). Only moderate and strong staining was considered as positive staining, based on prior work. AMACR protein overexpression was found in several cancers, including prostate (34/38 [89.5%]), colon (13/29 [44.8%]), lung (4/28 [14.3%]), melanoma (2/21 [9.5%]), endometrium (2/27 [7.4%]), and breast (3/94 [3.2%]). None of the ovarian cancers (26 cases) demonstrated AMACR overexpression. AMACR expression was not present in any of the normal tissues nor in benign prostatic tissue associated with prostate carcinomas. This study suggests that AMACR is potentially an important tumor marker, particularly for prostate and colon cancer. It may be a useful adjunct to an immunohistochemical panel employed in the differential diagnosis of colon versus ovarian and breast carcinoma; the latter two infrequently express AMACR.
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PMID:Utility of alpha-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase (p504s antibody) as a diagnostic immunohistochemical marker for cancer. 1608 51

The present study provides an analysis of immunohistochemical expression and localization of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in formalin fixed paraffin embedded specimens of prostate. Thirty-five cases each of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and prostatic carcinoma and 30 cases of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) were taken up for study. Streptavidin biotin peroxidase method was employed for immunohistochemical staining. EGFR positivity was observed in all the cases (100%) of BPH and PIN and in only 10 cases (28.5%) of prostatic carcinoma. In both BPH and PIN the basal cells revealed significantly higher intensity and percentage cell positivity than the luminal cells. Intensity and percentage of positively stained basal cells in BPH was higher than PIN basal cells but the difference was not statistically significant. The intensity and percentage cell positivity of BPH basal cells and PIN basal and luminal cells were significantly greater than the epithelial cells of prostatic carcinoma. Presently, the significance of variable expression of EGFR in various types of prostatic lesions is unknown.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study of the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in benign prostatic hypertrophy, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostatic carcinoma. 1718 36

Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are ubiquitous antioxidants that protect cells against oxidative stress. We show that the yeast Tsa1/Tsa2 Prxs colocalize to ribosomes and function to protect the Sup35 translation termination factor against oxidative stress-induced formation of its heritable [PSI(+)] prion conformation. In a tsa1 tsa2 [psi(-)] [PIN(+)] strain, the frequency of [PSI(+)] de novo formation is significantly elevated. The Tsa1/Tsa2 Prxs, like other 2-Cys Prxs, have dual activities as peroxidases and chaperones, and we show that the peroxidase activity is required to suppress spontaneous de novo [PSI(+)] prion formation. Molecular oxygen is required for [PSI(+)] prion formation as growth under anaerobic conditions prevents prion formation in the tsa1 tsa2 mutant. Conversely, oxidative stress conditions induced by exposure to hydrogen peroxide elevates the rate of de novo [PSI(+)] prion formation leading to increased suppression of all three termination codons in the tsa1 tsa2 mutant. Altered translational fidelity in [PSI(+)] strains may provide a mechanism that promotes genetic variation and phenotypic diversity (True HL, Lindquist SL (2000) Nature 407:477-483). In agreement, we find that prion formation provides yeast cells with an adaptive advantage under oxidative stress conditions, as elimination of the [PSI(+)] prion from tsa1 tsa2 mutants renders the resulting [psi(-)] [pin(-)] cells hypersensitive to hydrogen peroxide. These data support a model in which Prxs function to protect the ribosomal machinery against oxidative damage, but when these systems become overwhelmed, [PSI(+)] prion formation provides a mechanism for uncovering genetic traits that aid survival during oxidative stress conditions.
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PMID:Ribosome-associated peroxiredoxins suppress oxidative stress-induced de novo formation of the [PSI+] prion in yeast. 2030 73

Salinity is a major constraint for intrinsically salt sensitive grain legume chickpea. Chickpea exhibits large genetic variation amongst cultivars, which show better yields in saline conditions but still need to be improved further for sustainable crop production. Based on previous multi-location physiological screening, JG 11 (salt tolerant) and ICCV 2 (salt sensitive) were subjected to salt stress to evaluate their physiological and transcriptional responses. A total of ~480 million RNA-Seq reads were sequenced from root tissues which resulted in identification of 3,053 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to salt stress. Reproductive stage shows high number of DEGs suggesting major transcriptional reorganization in response to salt to enable tolerance. Importantly, cationic peroxidase, Aspartic ase, NRT1/PTR, phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase, DREB1E and ERF genes were significantly up-regulated in tolerant genotype. In addition, we identified a suite of important genes involved in cell wall modification and root morphogenesis such as dirigent proteins, expansin and casparian strip membrane proteins that could potentially confer salt tolerance. Further, phytohormonal cross-talk between ERF and PIN-FORMED genes which modulate the root growth was observed. The gene set enrichment analysis and functional annotation of these genes suggests they may be utilised as potential candidates for improving chickpea salt tolerance.
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PMID:Differential Regulation of Genes Involved in Root Morphogenesis and Cell Wall Modification is Associated with Salinity Tolerance in Chickpea. 2955 23