Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0282612 (PIN)
 2,291 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

When a single coil is used to measure perfusion by arterial spin labeling, saturation of macromolecular protons occurs during the labeling period. Induced magnetization transfer contrast (MTC) effects decrease tissue water signal intensity, reducing the sensitivity of the technique. In addition, MTC effects must be properly accounted for in acquiring a control image. This forces the image to a single slice centered between the labeling plane and the control plane. In this work, a two-coil system is presented as a way to avoid saturation of macromolecular spins during arterial spin labeling. The system consists of one small surface coil for labeling the arterial water spins, and a head coil for MRI, actively decoupled from the labeling coil by using PIN diodes. It is shown that no signal loss occurs due to MTC effects when the two-coil system is used for MRI of rat brain perfusion, enabling three-dimensional perfusion imaging. Using the two-coil system, a multi-slice MRI sequence was used to study the regional effects of amphetamine on brain perfusion. Amphetamine causes significant increases in perfusion in many areas of the brain including the cortex, cingulate, and caudate putamen, in agreement with previous results using deoxyglucose uptake to monitor brain activation.
 ...
PMID:Multi-slice MRI of rat brain perfusion during amphetamine stimulation using arterial spin labeling. 770 11

In select cases of prostatic carcinoma, antikeratin 34betaE12 immunohistochemical analysis is diagnostically useful for specific labeling of basal cells. This antibody, however, is prone to variability in staining, and the optimal conditions were not, to our knowledge, previously defined. We combined steam heat with EDTA buffer (steam-EDTA) and protease digestion (steam-EDTA + protease) to optimize epitope retrieval of antikeratin 34betaE12 in 42 cases of prostatic cancer. Results were judged by the percentage of cells staining and by staining intensity. In benign epithelium, steam-EDTA + protease significantly increased the percentage of immunoreactive cells (from 74 to 93%) and the intensity of staining (from 2.1 to 3.0 on a scale of 0-3+) by comparison with protease alone (all P<.001). In high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, the percentage of cells staining increased from 55 to 73% and intensity increased from 1.7 to 2.8 (both P<.001). Steam-EDTA + protease also minimized variability in results between cases, with essentially no background stromal staining. Cancer was negative in all of our cases by both methods. We conclude that steam-EDTA + protease significantly enhances basal cell immunoreactivity compared with protease treatment alone in noncancerous prostatic epithelium. This helps to prevent misinterpretation of histologic mimics of cancer, such as atrophic acini and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, that result from false-negative staining.
 ...
PMID:Steam heat with an EDTA buffer and protease digestion optimizes immunohistochemical expression of basal cell-specific antikeratin 34betaE12 to discriminate cancer in prostatic epithelium. 995 Jan 54

Development of effective chemopreventive agents for human consumption requires conclusive evidence of their efficacy in animal models that have relevance to human diseases. Transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate (TRAMP) is an excellent model of prostate cancer that mimics progressive forms of human disease inasmuch as 100% of males develop histological PIN by 8-12 weeks of age that progress to adenocarcinoma with distant site metastases by 24-28 weeks of age. In these animals, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity (>3-fold) as well as protein expression (>4-fold) was found to be markedly higher in the dorsolateral prostate as compared with the nontransgenic littermates, suggesting their suitability to determine the chemopreventive effect of alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitor of ODC, against prostate cancer. Using male TRAMP mice, we studied the effect of oral consumption of DFMO on development of prostate carcinogenesis and surrogate end point biomarkers related to prostate cancer progression. In two independent experiments, each consisting of 8 animals on test, the cumulative incidence of prostatic cancer development at 28 weeks of age in 16 untreated TRAMP mice was 100% (16 of 16), whereas 94% (15 of 16) and 69% (11 of 16) of the animals exhibited distant site metastases to lymph nodes and lungs, respectively. Oral consumption of 1% DFMO (w/v) in the drinking water to TRAMP mice from 8 to 28 weeks of age resulted in a significant decrease in (a) weight (59%) and volume (66%) of prostate, (b) genitourinary weight (63%), and (c) ODC enzyme activity (52%) in the dorsolateral prostate. Importantly, in none of the DFMO-fed TRAMP mice were any distant metastases to lymph node and lungs observed. Furthermore, DFMO treatment resulted in the marked reduction in the protein expression of proliferation cell nuclear antigen, ODC, and probasin in the dorsolateral prostate. The protein expression of antimetastases markers, i.e., E-cadherin and alpha- and beta-catenin, was found to be restored in DFMO-fed animals as compared with the non-DFMO-fed mice. These chemopreventive effects of DFMO were further confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis of the dorsolateral prostate. Histological analysis of the dorsolateral prostate of DFMO-fed animals displayed marginal epithelial stratification, a small number of cribriform structures, elongated hyperchromatic epithelial nuclei, and a significant increase in apoptotic index. Non-DFMO-fed animals, on the other hand, displayed extensive epithelial stratification with profound cribriform structures accompanied with marked thickening, remodeling, and hypercellularity of the fibromuscular stroma. In nontransgenic littermates fed with DFMO, no significant alterations in the above parameters were evident. These data demonstrate that ODC represents a promising and rational target for chemoprevention of human prostate cancer and that TRAMP mice are excellent models for screening of novel drugs and chemopreventive regimens for potential human use.
 ...
PMID:Chemoprevention of prostate carcinogenesis by alpha-difluoromethylornithine in TRAMP mice. 1101 39

Compact high-efficiency ultraviolet solid-state light sources--such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes--are of considerable technological interest as alternatives to large, toxic, low-efficiency gas lasers and mercury lamps. Microelectronic fabrication technologies and the environmental sciences both require light sources with shorter emission wavelengths: the former for improved resolution in photolithography and the latter for sensors that can detect minute hazardous particles. In addition, ultraviolet solid-state light sources are also attracting attention for potential applications in high-density optical data storage, biomedical research, water and air purification, and sterilization. Wide-bandgap materials, such as diamond and III-V nitride semiconductors (GaN, AlGaN and AlN; refs 3-10), are potential materials for ultraviolet LEDs and laser diodes, but suffer from difficulties in controlling electrical conduction. Here we report the successful control of both n-type and p-type doping in aluminium nitride (AlN), which has a very wide direct bandgap of 6 eV. This doping strategy allows us to develop an AlN PIN (p-type/intrinsic/n-type) homojunction LED with an emission wavelength of 210 nm, which is the shortest reported to date for any kind of LED. The emission is attributed to an exciton transition, and represents an important step towards achieving exciton-related light-emitting devices as well as replacing gas light sources with solid-state light sources.
 ...
PMID:An aluminium nitride light-emitting diode with a wavelength of 210 nanometres. 1671 Apr 9

To understand the role of the puroindolines (PIN-a and PIN-b) in the defense mechanism and stabilization of lipid films in the gas cell of bread dough, we have isolated the proteins and lipids from wheat seed endosperm and studied their interaction at the air/water interface using a Langmuir trough. The nature and shape of the pressure-area compression isotherms of the lipid monolayer in the presence of puroindolines in the subphase depended on the concentration of protein. A distinct phase separation occurred, when the concentration of protein in the subphase increased. The interfacial elasticity of the lipid monolayer in the presence of puroindolines in the subphase was higher than the pure lipid. Injection of protein beneath the preexisting lipid monolayer resulted in the increase of surface pressure due to the penetration of proteins. The extent of penetration depended on the nature of lipid head groups as well as on the initial surface pressure. The penetration of puroindolines to lipid monolayer was observed to be zero after crossing a critical initial surface pressure. The magnitude of the critical initial surface pressure for anionic lipids was significantly higher than the zwitterionic and nonionic lipids. The experimental results showed that both PIN-a and PIN-b had more affinity for anionic polar lipids than the neutral polar lipids and stabilized the lipid monolayer.
 ...
PMID:Interaction between puroindolines and the major polar lipids of wheat seed endosperm at the air-water interface. 1704 66

Previous studies have shown that long-term alcohol treatment has negative effects on prostatic stromal-epithelial interaction. Thus, the aim of the present study was to analyze the histochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural alterations that occur in the prostatic stroma and epithelium of rats submitted to chronic alcohol ingestion and alcohol abstinence, as well as to establish the relationship between these changes and prostatic diseases. Thirty male rats (10 Wistar and 20 UChB rats) were divided into three experimental groups: the control group received tap water, the alcoholic group received ethanol diluted to 10 degrees G.L. for 150 days, and the abstinent group received the same liquid diet as the alcoholic group up to 120 days of treatment and only tap water for 30 days thereafter. At the end of treatment, all animals were sacrificed and the ventral lobe of the prostate was removed and processed for histochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analyses. In addition, plasma testosterone levels were measured. The results showed prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, infolding of the epithelium towards the stroma, stromal hypertrophy and the presence of inflammatory cells in alcoholic animals. In the abstinent group, alterations were noted mainly in the stromal area. In conclusion, ethanol triggers alterations in prostatic epithelial and stromal compartments, affecting the stromal microenvironment and predisposing the organ to pathological processes.
 ...
PMID:Experimental alcoholism and pathogenesis of prostatic diseases in UChB rats. 1718 26

Plant root architecture is highly plastic during development and can adapt to many environmental stresses. The proper distribution of roots within the soil under various conditions such as salinity, water deficit, and nutrient deficiency greatly affects plant survival. Salinity profoundly affects the root system architecture of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). However, despite the inhibitory effects of salinity on root length and the number of roots, very little is known concerning influence of salinity on root growth direction and the underlying mechanisms. Here we show that salt modulates root growth direction by reducing the gravity response. Exposure to salt stress causes rapid degradation of amyloplasts in root columella cells of Arabidopsis. The altered root growth direction in response to salt was found to be correlated with PIN-FORMED2 (PIN2) messenger RNA abundance and expression and localization of the protein. Furthermore, responsiveness to gravity of salt overly sensitive (sos) mutants is substantially reduced, indicating that salt-induced altered gravitropism of root growth is mediated by ion disequilibrium. Mutation of SOS genes also leads to reduced amyloplast degradation in root tip columella cells and the defects in PIN2 gene expression in response to salt stress. These results indicate that the SOS pathway may mediate the decrease of PIN2 messenger RNA in salinity-induced modification of gravitropic response in Arabidopsis roots. Our findings provide new insights into the development of a root system necessary for plant adaptation to high salinity and implicate an important role of the SOS signaling pathway in this process.
 ...
PMID:Salt modulates gravity signaling pathway to regulate growth direction of primary roots in Arabidopsis. 1802 52

Influence of selenium on induced carcinogenesis of the prostate and other organs was studied in male Wistar rats. Carcinogenesis was induced (68) by using our modification of a combined double-stage model including surgical castration, single administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and long-term promotion by a mix of testosterone ethers (MTE). Seven days after MNU injection the rats were randomized to form 2 groups. Controls were fed drinking water while the study group - water containing sodium selenite 4mg/l, daily - till the end of the experiment. Controls (12) were not exposed to any treatment. They were followed up for 55 weeks until sacrificed. Apparent benign prostatic hyperplasia developed in rats subjected to castration, MNU and MTE. Also, such precancerous lesions as prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and prostate cancer including metastatic one were detected. Malignant lymphoma, other than in target tissues, was the most frequent. Prostate pathological changes and lymphomas were not registered in intact rats. Unlike rats treated with MNU and MTE and fed untreated drinking water, selenium did not influence significantly the development of prostate intraepithelial neoplasia but reduced multiplicity of prostate cancer by 44.6%. Simultaneously, the incidence of induced malignant lymphomas decreased by 26.4%.
 ...
PMID:[Influence of sodium selenite on carcinogenesis of the prostate and other organs induced by methylnitrosourea and testosterone in rats]. 2219 Dec 39

A method that could be used to quantify the concentration of water in oil for marine-borne machine is discussed in the present paper. Water molecule has distinct absorption bands in mid-infrared section in 3773-3509 cm(-1), so it could be applied to the quantification of water in oil. An experimental sample cell was designed to accomplish the experiment for the convenience of sample preparation and mount in measurement, and it was designed to suit for FTIR spectrometer. The authors chose to prepare the sample oil by blending different amount of water into oil through titration. The spectra of oil with different water concentration were acquired and their integrals were calculated. The analysis of experimental result shows that the functional relationship between the integral of spectrum in 3773-3509 cm(-1) and the percentage of water content in oil is a quadratic curve. The relative error between the fitted curve and experimental data is at the level of 0.01%. The research work in this paper presents the possibility of quantification of water content in oil through mid-infrared and gives us an idea to design a kind of new sensor based on mid-infrared LED and PIN for measure and to warn people who monitor the abnormal variation of water content in different kind of oil used in marine-borne mechanical system.
 ...
PMID:[Research on the application of mid-infrared based quantification of water in oil used by marine-borne machines]. 2282 61

More than a quarter of the primary productivity on land, and a large fraction of the food that humans consume, is contributed by plants that fix atmospheric CO(2) by C(4) photosynthesis. It has been estimated that transferring the C(4) pathway to C(3) crops could boost yield by 50% and also increase water use efficiency and reduce the need for fertilizer, particularly in dry, hot environments. The high productivity of maize (Zea mays), sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) and several emerging bioenergy grasses is due largely to C(4) photosynthesis, which is enabled by the orderly arrangement, in concentric rings, of specialized bundle sheath and mesophyll cells in leaves in a pattern known as Kranz anatomy. Here we show that PIN, the auxin efflux protein, is present in the end walls of maize bundle sheath cells, as it is in the endodermis of the root. Since this marker suggests the expression of endodermal genetic programs in bundle sheath cells, we determined whether the transcription factor SCARECROW, which regulates structural differentiation of the root endodermis, also plays a role in the development of Kranz anatomy in maize. Mutations in the Scarecrow gene result in proliferation of bundle sheath cells, abnormal differentiation of bundle sheath chloroplasts, vein disorientation, loss of minor veins and reduction of vein density. Further characterization of this signal transduction pathway should facilitate the transfer of the C(4) trait into C(3) crop species, including rice.
 ...
PMID:Scarecrow plays a role in establishing Kranz anatomy in maize leaves. 2312 3


1 2 3 4 Next >>