Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0282612 (PIN)
 2,291 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The complex polyploid genomes of three Saccharum species have been aligned with the compact diploid genome of Sorghum (2n = 2x = 20). A set of 428 DNA probes from different Poaceae (grasses) detected 2460 loci in F1 progeny of the crosses Saccharum officinarum Green German x S. spontaneum IND 81-146, and S. spontaneum PIN 84-1 x S. officinarum Muntok Java. Thirty-one DNA probes detected 226 loci in S. officinarum LA Purple x S. robustum Molokai 5829. Genetic maps of the six Saccharum genotypes, including up to 72 linkage groups, were assembled into "homologous groups" based on parallel arrangements of duplicated loci. About 84% of the loci mapped by 242 common probes were homologous between Saccharum and Sorghum. Only one interchromosomal and two intrachromosomal rearrangements differentiated both S. officinarum and S. spontaneum from Sorghum, but 11 additional cases of chromosome structural polymorphism were found within Saccharum. Diploidization was advanced in S. robustum, incipient in S. officinarum, and absent in S. spontaneum, consistent with biogeographic data suggesting that S. robustum is the ancestor of S. officinarum, but raising new questions about the antiquity of S. spontaneum. The densely mapped Sorghum genome will be a valuable tool in ongoing molecular analysis of the complex Saccharum genome.
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PMID:Detailed alignment of saccharum and sorghum chromosomes: comparative organization of closely related diploid and polyploid genomes. 983 41

The glutamine- and asparagine-rich Rnq1p protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae can exist in the cell as a soluble monomer or in one of several aggregated, infectious, prion forms called [PIN(+)]. Interest in [PIN(+)] is heightened by its ability to promote the conversion of other proteins into a prion or an aggregated amyloid state. However, little is known about the function of Rnq1p, which makes it difficult to assay the phenotypes associated with its normal vs. prion forms. In this chapter, we describe methods used to detect [PIN(+)] and distinguish between different variations of the prion. Genetic methods are based on the ability of the [PIN(+)] prion to facilitate the appearance of another yeast prion, [PSI(+)], which has an easily detectable phenotype. Biochemical methods exploit the fact that the [PIN(+)] prion exists in the yeast cytosol in the form of large aggregates, composed of SDS-stable subparticles. Sucrose gradient centrifugation, agarose SDS electrophoresis and GFP fusions are used to distinguish between aggregates and subparticles from different [PIN(+)] variants.
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PMID:Biochemical and genetic methods for characterization of [PIN+] prions in yeast. 1679 81

More than a quarter of the primary productivity on land, and a large fraction of the food that humans consume, is contributed by plants that fix atmospheric CO(2) by C(4) photosynthesis. It has been estimated that transferring the C(4) pathway to C(3) crops could boost yield by 50% and also increase water use efficiency and reduce the need for fertilizer, particularly in dry, hot environments. The high productivity of maize (Zea mays), sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) and several emerging bioenergy grasses is due largely to C(4) photosynthesis, which is enabled by the orderly arrangement, in concentric rings, of specialized bundle sheath and mesophyll cells in leaves in a pattern known as Kranz anatomy. Here we show that PIN, the auxin efflux protein, is present in the end walls of maize bundle sheath cells, as it is in the endodermis of the root. Since this marker suggests the expression of endodermal genetic programs in bundle sheath cells, we determined whether the transcription factor SCARECROW, which regulates structural differentiation of the root endodermis, also plays a role in the development of Kranz anatomy in maize. Mutations in the Scarecrow gene result in proliferation of bundle sheath cells, abnormal differentiation of bundle sheath chloroplasts, vein disorientation, loss of minor veins and reduction of vein density. Further characterization of this signal transduction pathway should facilitate the transfer of the C(4) trait into C(3) crop species, including rice.
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PMID:Scarecrow plays a role in establishing Kranz anatomy in maize leaves. 2312 3