Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0282612 (PIN)
 2,291 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The term "premalignant lesion" encompasses diverse morphological entities that vary in their phenotype and biologic behavior. This diversity makes the group heterogeneous, although these lesions share the common factor of having pathologic characteristics intermediate between normal (benign) and neoplastic (malignant). This creates dilemmas in reaching a pathologic diagnosis and in predicting biological behavior. The aim of this article is to present a series of case studies which highlight difficult diagnostic situations. Emphasis is placed on diagnostic criteria and available procedures. At present, two distinct atypical prostatic lesions are recognized: one in which the change is mainly cytological (PIN), and another in which the change is mainly architectural (Atypical adenomatous Hyperplasia or AAH).
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PMID:Boundary in the pathologic evaluation of premalignant prostatic lesions. 860 65

The frequency and location of apoptotic bodies (AB) were evaluated in hematoxylin- and eosin-stained sections of 12 radical prostatectomies from patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma pre-treated for 3 months with total androgen ablation. Results were compared with an untreated age-, morphology- and stage-matched control group. Treated prostates showed involutional changes, with cytoplasmic vacuolization and chromatin changes ranging from mild to severe condensation, similar to that observed in apoptosis. In treated benign prostatic epithelium, the mean number of AB was 1.64% (standard error (SE), 0.19%), 6.3 times greater than in the untreated group (mean, 0.26%; SE, 0.03%). AB were more frequent in the basal cell layer than in the lumenal cell layer, whereas in the untreated group, AB were almost exclusively found in the basal cell layer. In treated prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN present in 10 cases), the mean number of AB was 1.74% (SE, 0.04%), which was 2.56 and 2.32 times greater than in untreated low grade PIN (mean, 0.68%; SE, 0.15%) and high grade PIN (mean, 0.75%; SE, 0.11%), respectively. In treated and untreated PIN, the number of AB was greatest in the basal cell layer, less in the intermediate cell layer and lowest in the cell layer bordering the lumen. The mean number of AB in the 12 treated cancers was 1.35 times greater than in untreated cancers (1.80% [SE, 0.12%] versus 1.33% [SE, 0.32%], respectively). The number of AB in treated cases of the acinar pattern of cancer (present in 7 cancer cases) was 1.78 times greater than in untreated cases, and in treated cases of the cribriform pattern of cancer (present in four cases), the mean number of AB was 1.39 times greater than in untreated cases. The number of AB was greatest in the outermost cell layer, with progressive decrease in layers closer to the lumen. In the one treated case with solid/trabecular pattern of cancer, the number of AB was 1.08 times greater than in untreated cases. The gland lumina was rich in macrophages, sloughed secretory cells with degenerative features and AB. The number of AB in the lumina increased from normal epithelium through PIN to cancer, and was greater in treated cases than in untreated cases.
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PMID:Apoptotic bodies in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostatic adenocarcinoma following total androgen ablation. 860 68

Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) fulfils the majority of requirements for a premalignant change in the human prostate. Forty-eight patients were diagnosed to have high grade PIN on prostatic needle biopsy. During a follow-up period, 23 (47.9%) were found to have adenocarcinoma on subsequent biopsies. We compared the patients age, the digital examination, the transrectal ultrasound appearance (TRUS) and the serum PSA level between those in whom cancer was detected subsequently and those with PIN alone. There was a statistically significant difference in the transrectal ultrasound appearance (TRUS) and the serum PSA level between the two groups (p < 0.001, p < 0.016 respectively). In conclusion, patients with high grade PIN, elevated serum PSA with hypoechoic zone on TRUS should be rebiopsied 3 months after the initial diagnosis. If the results are negative, close follow-up is mandatory.
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PMID:[High-grade intraepithelial prostatic neoplasms: diagnosis and association with prostate cancer]. 865 30

The technique of invagination stripping (IS) of the long saphenous vein (LSV) and short saphenous vein (SSV) using the PIN stripper (PS) is described. One hundred consecutive legs with long saphenous incompetence have been treated with IS of the LSV from the groin to just below the knee using the PS. In 28 of these legs associated short saphenous incompetence was treated with IS of the SSV from the popliteal fossa to just below half-way in the calf. It was found that technically the PS is easy to use. It passes from the groin to just below the knee in the LSV without difficulty. The blunt, slightly bent tip manoeuvres past tributaries and valves with ease. Similarly, the PS passes easily down the SSV to a point just past half-way down the calf. The exit of the stripper tip is much easier than with conventional strippers; there is less tissue trauma and a smaller scar. Inversion stripping is associated with much less tissue trauma, bruising and postoperative pain, and earlier mobilization. The technique appears to have eliminated trauma to the saphenous and sural nerves. This technique will facilitate the use of "day only surgery' for varicose veins and can be performed under femoral nerve block and local anaesthesia.
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PMID:Invagination stripping of the long and short saphenous vein using the PIN stripper. 867 58

High-grade PIN is the most likely precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma, according to virtually all available evidence to date. The clinical importance of recognizing PIN is based on its strong association with prostatic carcinoma. PIN has a high predictive value as a marker for adenocarcinoma. Its identification in biopsy specimens of the prostate warrants further search for concurrent invasive carcinoma. PIN is associated with progressive abnormalities of phenotype and genotype intermediate between normal prostatic epithelium and cancer, indicating impairment of cell differentiation and regulatory control with advancing stages of prostatic carcinogenesis. There is progressive gain or loss of a wide variety of biomarkers, including morphometric markers, differentiation markers, stromal markers, growth factors and associated receptors, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and chromosomes. Abnormalities in expression of most biomarkers are amplified in the progression from high-grade PIN to localized cancer, metastatic cancer, and hormone-refractory cancer. Oncogenesis of prostatic carcinoma probably occurs through the selection of several genetic changes, each modifying the expression or function of genes controlling cell growth and differentiation. Further studies are needed to evaluate the function and prognostic value of oncogene expression in the normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic prostate.
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PMID:Molecular biology of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. 870 Aug 1

The aim of the study was to investigate the location of the expression of 72-kd metalloproteinase (MMP-2) in relation to the distribution of type IV collagen in untreated prostatic adenocarcinoma (PAc). Twenty formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded PAc cases, in which high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PINhigh) was occasionally present, were immunohistochemically examined. Type IV collagen immunoreactivity showed the presence of a basement membrane (BM) at the epithelial-stromal junction. In cribriform and solid/trabecular PAc, the staining was focally disrupted. In acinar PAc, the BM immunostained by anti-type IV collagen was observed around the individual acini, with occasional thinning and fragmentation. Immunostaining for MMP-2 was heterogeneous in intensity and location. Cribriform and solid/trabecular PAc showed weak cytoplasmic immunostaining for MMP-2; both moderately and intensely stained cells were seen in the cell layer adjacent to the stroma; intense immunostaining was shown by small clusters of neoplastic cells or single neoplastic cells located in the stroma which also showed thinning and fragmentation of BM staining. In acinar PAc, weak cytoplasmic immunostaining for MMP-2 was seen throughout most areas of the tumours, whereas moderately and intensely stained cells were observed less frequently than in cribriform and solid/trabecular adenocarcinoma. Intense immunostaining of single or small clusters of neoplastic cells located in the stroma was rarely observed and, as for cribriform and solid/trabecular PAc, mainly located towards the periphery of the tumour nodules. BM stained by anti-type IV collagen was preserved in normal prostate and in PIN, some thinning being present in the latter. The pattern and intensity of immunoreactivity for MMP-2 in PIN was similar to that of cribriform and solid/trabecular PAc, whereas normal ducts and acini showed weak immunostaining in most of the secretory cells and moderate to strong immunoreactivity in scattered basal cells. Thus, MMP-2 appeared basically expressed in cells which lie in direct contact with the stroma. This underlined the importance of evaluating the MMP-2 location in relation to basement membrane degradation and tumour invasion.
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PMID:Location of 72-kd metalloproteinase (type IV collagenase) in untreated prostatic adenocarcinoma. 882 16

Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) is regarded as a precursor lesion of at least some prostatic cancers. Using interphase cytogenetics, an in situ hybridization technique with chromosome specific probes, we investigated 15 prostatectomy specimens containing both invasive carcinoma and PIN for the presence of numerical changes of chromosomes 7, 8, 10, 17 and X. The results were correlated with tumor stage and Gleason grade as well as with morphological features of PIN. Of the 15 carcinomas, four were disomic, five displayed at least focal chromosomal gains and six were found to be aneusomic. A non-disomic chromosomal status correlated well with a higher tumor stage and grade. Although the majority of PIN glands showed an eusomy, focal chromosomal gains within single glands or parts of a gland could be observed in 12 of the 15 cases. All but one specimen with non-disomic carcinomas also harboured areas of PIN with numerical chromosomal aberrations, often laying directly adjacent to tumorous glands. Additionally, focal non-disomies of PIN could also be detected in two cases with eusomic cancer. With regard to numerical changes in PIN and cancer, no significant preponderance could be observed for the five chromosomes tested. We conclude that numerical chromosomal aberrations are a frequent, but mostly focal event in PIN. This karyotypic instability is further evidence for the premalignant nature of this lesion.
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PMID:Numerical chromosomal changes in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and concomitant invasive carcinoma. 883 46

The neurotransmitter functions of nitric oxide are dependent on dynamic regulation of its biosynthetic enzyme, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). By means of a yeast two-hybrid screen, a 10-kilodalton protein was identified that physically interacts with and inhibits the activity of nNOS. This inhibitor, designated PIN, appears to be one of the most conserved proteins in nature, showing 92 percent amino acid identity with the nematode and rat homologs. Binding of PIN destabilizes the nNOS dimer, a conformation necessary for activity. These results suggest that PIN may regulate numerous biological processes through its effects on nitric oxide synthase activity.
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PMID:PIN: an associated protein inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. 886 15

Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) is considered as a precursor of prostate cancer and is frequently associated with it. Diagnosis of PIN on a prostate needle biopsy without associated carcinoma is a difficult problem since high-grade PIN does not necessarily mean that prostate cancer is always present and low-grade PIN is associated with cancer as well. Definition of parameters predictive of the later finding of prostate cancer on repeat biopsy in patients with PIN is of evident interest and we have reviewed our experience and recent data from the literature on this topic. High grade is a strong predictor of later cancer found on repeat biopsy (50-100%) and in these patients, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasound are predictors of later cancer found on repeat biopsy. High-grade PIN is, however, frequently associated with later cancer whatever PSA, even when < or = ng/ml. Low-grade PIN seems to behave like BPH since the incidence of later cancer is extremely low when PSA is < 4 ng/ml and is high when PSA > 10 ng/ml. Patients with high-grade PIN should systematically be rebiopsied after 3-6 months to exclude cancer because they are likely to have undiagnosed cancer. Patients with low-grade PIN and low PSA seem to have a low risk of later cancer found on repeat biopsy. Patients with low-grade PIN and high serum PSA should have repeat biopsies because the incidence of subsequent cancer is high and comparable to high-grade PIN. Further investigations are needed to optimize the management of patients with low-grade PIN and intermediate PSA level.
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PMID:Clinical prognostic criteria for later diagnosis of prostate carcinoma in patients with initial isolated prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. 887 7

High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HG-PIN) lies in the morphologic continuum between benign and carcinomatous prostate, but its status as a neoplastic precursor remains only putative. We measured nuclear proliferative activity using MIB-1 antibody to further characterize the cell kinetics of HG-PIN and to assess its relationship to prostatic adenocarcinoma. We studied 36 specimens from randomly selected patients who underwent radical prostatectomies for prostatic adenocarcinoma. Sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue pretreated by a citric acid monohydrate antigen retrieval method were immunostained with the mouse monoclonal antibody MIB-1, which detects the Ki-67 antigen in formalin-fixed tissue. The Ki-67 antigen is expressed by non-G0 proliferating cells and has been used to assess cellular proliferative activity. A maximum of either 20,400 x fields or 100 positively stained nuclei in benign glands, areas of HG-PIN, and adenocarcinoma were counted to obtain an immunohistologic proliferation index for each case. For benign prostate, HG-PIN, and adenocarcinoma, the mean positivity was 0.4 +/- 0.42 cells per field (range, 0-2), 2.5 +/- 3.79 cells per field (range, 0-16.6), and 13.8 +/- 15.05 cells per field (range, 0.25-73.66), respectively. Using a Kruskall-Wallis analysis of variance (chi 2 = 58, P < 0.05) and the t test for dependent samples, we found that the mean Ki-67 antigen expression significantly differs between histologic categories (P < 0.01, all three comparisons). In addition, the proliferative index consistently increased along the continuum from benign to malignant. We conclude that the MIB-1 proliferative index of HG-PIN lies between that of benign and carcinomatous prostate, supporting the assertion that HG-PIN is a biologic intermediate in the multistep process of transformation into carcinoma.
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PMID:Comparative analysis of the nuclear proliferative index (Ki-67) in benign prostate, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and prostatic carcinoma. 890 40


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