Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0282612 (PIN)
 2,291 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia (PIN, or intraductal dysplasia) is considered a precursor of invasive carcinoma, characterized by proliferation and anaplasia of cells lining prostatic ducts and acini. The highest grade of PIN, Grade 3, is thought to represent carcinoma in situ. To quantitate the degree of disruption of the basal cell layer in human prostatic ducts and acini as a potential marker of early invasion in PIN, a monoclonal antibody to keratin proteins of 49, 51, 57, and 66 kd which selectively labels the prostatic basal cell layer was used. A total of 1093 acini with PIN were identified in 14 cases with invasive carcinoma. Tumor cells consistently failed to be decorated with this antibody. The frequency of disruption of the basal cell layer increased with increasing grades of PIN, with disruption present in 0.7% of cases of PIN 1, 15% of cases of PIN 2, and 56% of cases of PIN 3. The amount of disruption of the basal cell layer also increased with increasing grades of PIN, with loss of more than one third of the basal layer in 52% of foci of PIN 3 compared with less than 2% in lower grades of PIN. Disruption of the basal layer was more common in acini adjacent to invasive carcinoma than in distant acini. These findings suggest that early invasion in prostate cancer is characterized by disruption of the basal layer, and that invasion occurs commonly in association with foci of high-grade prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia.
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PMID:Prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia and early invasion in prostate cancer. 243 20

Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia were studied retrospectively in 455 cases of surgically resected prostates: 387 benign hypertrophies and 68 adenocarcinomas. The frequency of PIN was highest among prostatic adenocarcinomas well differentiated while the benign hypertrophies showed a lower frequency and a moderate increase with age. The prognostic importance of this lesion in prostatic biopsies is discussed on account of its strong predictive value.
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PMID:[Intraepithelial prostatic neoplasia: a new dysplastic lesion of the prostate]. 247 48

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a sensitive and specific serum marker for monitoring disease activity in men with prostatic carcinoma. Despite reports of elevation of levels of this analyte in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia, no information is available correlating the serum levels with the actual prostatic abnormalities in men having prostatectomy for presumed benign disease. In the present investigation, the authors compared preoperative serum PSA levels with prostate disease in 81 men with bladder outlet obstruction. Five pathologic groups were found: incidental high-grade carcinoma (n = 3), low-grade carcinoma (n = 11), acute inflammation (n = 16) with or without chronic inflammation, Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) (n = 25), and benign hyperplasia (n = 26). Serum PSA levels were significantly elevated in both low- and high-grade carcinoma, acute inflammation, and PIN when compared with the patients with benign hyperplasia with and without chronic inflammation. Within the four groups with elevated levels, use of PSA levels could separate only the high-grade cancer patients who were subsequently shown to have metastatic disease. Only one patient with simple hyperplasia had PSA levels in the abnormal range.
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PMID:Serum prostate-specific antigen and prostate pathology in men having simple prostatectomy. 248 63

1. PIN can present as a hypoechoic lesion on ultrasound. 2. Biopsy results prove a close relationship between PIN and cancer. 3. Measurements of age, lesion size, and PSA for diagnoses of PIN were intermediate values between non-cancer and cancer. 4. Sequential, precise transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsies of hypoechoic lesions are now possible, and close follow-up of patients with diagnoses of PIN is therefore possible.
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PMID:Use of transrectal ultrasound and prostate-specific antigen in diagnosis of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. 248 62

PSA represents a major advance in our tumor marker armamentarium. PIN fulfills the majority of requirements for a premalignant change. If we could determine a subset of individuals with PIN, an enriched population on which to base screening studies would emerge. In this regard the observation that PIN may be associated with elevation of the serum PSA is particularly intriguing. Considerable interest exists for early detection of prostate cancer. The high morbidity and mortality associated with this tumor coupled with the late stage at presentation by conventional means underscore the justification for such enthusiasm. However, the wisdom of screening for a cancer for which the mortality is far less than the histologic incidence remains to be proven. In the final analysis, the question is not whether we can detect more carcinoma, but rather whether we can significantly decrease patient morbidity and mortality. Until prospective randomized clinical trials demonstrate the effectiveness of early detection programs for carcinoma of the prostate, it is difficult to recommend such screening to the general public.
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PMID:Prostate-specific antigen and premalignant change: implications for early detection. 248 17

The influence of intraventricular injection of GABA on electrical activities of PEN and PIN in nucleus parafascicularis of the thalamus of rats was studied. The results showed that GABA could significantly inhibit the electrical discharges of PEN and increase the electrical discharges of PIN. So it was believed that intraventricularly injected GABA could antagonize or partly antagonize the excitatory action of noxious stimuli and might thus produce analgesia.
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PMID:[The influence of GABA injected into cerebral ventricle on electrical activities of pain-excitation neurons and pain-inhibition neurons in nucleus parafascicularis of the thalamus of rats]. 251 22

38 rabbits were anesthetized with chloralose and urethane. As soon as the animal recovered its consciousness it was immobilized with flaxedil and artificial respiration. The electrical activities of the nociceptive neurons were recorded by glass microelectrodes (tip 1-3 microns) in the ranges P7-11 R2-3 HO+1-6, with the aid of a stereotaxic apparatus. 116 of the nociceptive units responded to noxious stimuli which applied to the peroneal nerve with a short train of pulses. Among them, 64 units (55%) responded by an increase in frequency of the discharge to noxious stimuli (pain-excitation neuron, PEN). In contrast, there were 52 units (45%), which responded to noxious stimuli quite differently, by having a decrease in the frequency of the discharge (pain-inhibition neuron, PIN). Similar results were obtained by the stimulation of the head of caudate nucleus with the same train of pulses: an excitatory effect was observed in PEN, and an inhibitory effect in PIN. However, after electroacupuncture by penetrating acupoint "Hegu" or dolantin given intravenously, under the same conditions used above. We again stimulated both the head of caudate nucleus, eliciting an inhibitory effect on PEN. And a reduction of inhibition or release from it on PIN. From the results presented, it indicated that head of caudate nucleus was connected with the modulation of the nociceptive neuronal activity in M.R.F. and was related to the effect of acupuncture. The effect of atropine on the head of caudate nucleus stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[The effect of electrical stimulation of the head of caudate nociceptive neuronal activities in the mesencephalon reticular formation and its relation to the acupuncture effect]. 251 3

The beta-adrenergic receptors (beta-ARs) coupled to pepsinogen secretion on frog esophageal peptic cells have been compared to frog erythrocyte beta-ARs using the radioligand 125I-iodopindolol (125I-PIN). 125I-PIN binding to intact peptic cells was time and temperature dependent. Saturation and competition experiments established that a large component of this binding represented radioligand uptake, which was energy dependent, pH sensitive, Na+ independent, and inhibited by agents that depress cellular ATP or disrupt proton gradients. This uptake system, which was absent from frog erythrocytes, appeared similar to that recently described for a number of mammalian cells. 125I-PIN bound to a single class of sites on peptic cell homogenates with a KD = 64 (+/- 5) pM. Binding to cell homogenates and a proportion of the binding to intact cells was inhibited by beta-agonists and antagonists with pharmacological characteristics similar to typical beta 2-ARs of frog erythrocytes. The number of beta-ARs in these peptic cell preparations was 1300 (+/- 240) sites/cell. Isolated peptic cells were poorly responsive to isoproterenol stimulation even in the presence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine). Pretreatment of cells with the phorbol ester TPA (12-O-tetra-decanoylphorbol-13-acetate) (100 nM) promoted isoproterenol stimulation of pepsinogen secretion. Catecholamine agonists stimulated pepsinogen secretion with an order of potency: isoproterenol greater than epinephrine much greater than norepinephrine, which was identical to that determined for inhibition of 125I-PIN binding. These findings indicate that frog peptic cells contain beta 2-ARs functionally coupled to pepsinogen secretion.
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PMID:125I-iodopindolol binding to frog esophageal peptic cells. Detection of amine uptake and beta-adrenergic receptors coupled to pepsinogen secretion. 254 27

Two new papillomaviruses, HPV 40 and HPV 57, were isolated from a PIN lesion and an inverted papilloma of the maxillary sinus, respectively. HPV 40 showed a 13% homology to HPV 7 by reassociation kinetics and HPV 57 showed a 17% homology to HPV 2 and 25% homology to HPV 27. Hybridization of the DNA of these papillomaviruses to a wide variety of different tumor biopsies revealed that HPV 40 was present in a few genital condylomata acuminata as well as in bowenoid lesions. HPV 57 DNA was present in an oral wart, a genital condyloma acuminatum, and verrucae vulgares lesions from two immunosuppressed patients.
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PMID:Two newly identified human papillomavirus types (HPV 40 and 57) isolated from mucosal lesions. 254 31

The plasticity of the beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptor subtypes was examined in the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) of the adult rat. The beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist 125I-pindolol (125I-PIN) was used in conjunction with the selective subtype antagonists ICI 118,551 and ICI 89,406 to determine the subnuclear distribution of beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptors in this nucleus and to correlate the receptor distribution with the distribution of both noradrenergic afferents from the locus coeruleus (LC) and non-noradrenergic afferents from the fasiculus retroflexus (FR). The density of these binding sites was examined following lesions that decreased (LC lesions) or increased (FR lesions) the density of the noradrenergic projection in the IPN. Quantitative radioautography indicated that beta 1-labeled binding sites account for the larger percentage of binding sites in the IPN. The beta 1-binding sites are densest in the those subnuclei that receive a noradrenergic projection from the LC: the central, rostral, and intermediate subnuclei. beta 1-binding sites are algo homogeneously distributed throughout the lateral subnuclei, where there is no detectable noradrenergic innervation. beta 2-binding sites have a more restricted distribution. They are concentrated in the ventral half of the lateral subnuclei, where they account for 70% of total 125I-PIN binding sites. beta 2-binding sites are also present along the ventral border of the IPN. Some of this labeling extends into the central and intermediate subnuclei. Bilateral lesions of the LC, which selectively remove noradrenergic innervation to the IPN, result in an increase in the beta 1-binding sites. Bilateral lesions of the FR, which remove the major cholinergic and peptidergic input from the IPN, elicit an increase in noradrenergic projections and a decrease in beta 1-binding sites. beta 1-binding sites thus exhibit both up-regulation and down-regulation which is correlated with the density of the noradrenergic projection. Our results suggest, therefore, that the density of beta 1-binding sites is regulated by noradrenergic input. beta 2-binding sites increase in density in response to both the LC and FR lesions, suggesting that they are postsynaptic to both of these afferents. The distribution suggests that some of these binding sites may reflect binding to glial cells. The beta 2-binding sites may therefore be regulated by both noradrenergic and non-noradrenergic mechanisms.
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PMID:Beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic 125I-pindolol binding sites in the interpeduncular nucleus of the rat: normal distribution and the effects of deafferentation. 256 11


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