Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0282612 (PIN)
 2,291 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The diagnosis of well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the prostate can be difficult on needle biopsy specimens. Nucleolar prominence has proven to be a useful diagnostic variable, but its objective evaluation has had limited study. To find nucleolar criteria that might differentiate benign from malignant conditions, we examined 41 open prostatectomy specimens, 25 of which were removed for well-differentiated adenocarcinoma and 16 of which were removed for benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Four acini of carcinoma, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH), nodular hyperplasia, and normal tissue were examined. The total number of nuclei with nucleoli 3 microns or greater (N'), the fraction of nuclei with nucleoli 3 microns or greater (N'/N), and the average diameters of nucleoli 3 microns or greater (AVG) were recorded. Hyperplastic and normal areas, when compared with carcinoma, had significantly smaller N',N'/N, and AVG values (P less than 0.005). The N' and N'/N values were significantly higher in hyperplasia when compared with normal acini (P less than 0.005). In addition, N' and N'/N values in PIN were significantly greater than those in AAH (P less than 0.0001). In comparing prostates with and without carcinoma, N' and N'/N were significantly different for hyperplastic areas. In only two cancer areas and one PIN area was the N'/N ratio less than 0.31, which was the highest value for either hyperplastic or normal areas. Although AVG also were significantly different, they did not improve discrimination between the groups. We conclude that N'/N ratios are useful in diagnosing well-differentiated prostatic adenocarcinoma on small tissue samples.
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PMID:Nucleolar prominence as a diagnostic variable in prostatic carcinoma. 168 28

PSA represents a major advance in our tumor marker armamentarium. PIN fulfills the majority of requirements for a premalignant change. If we could determine a subset of individuals with PIN, an enriched population on which to base screening studies would emerge. In this regard the observation that PIN may be associated with elevation of the serum PSA is particularly intriguing. Considerable interest exists for early detection of prostate cancer. The high morbidity and mortality associated with this tumor coupled with the late stage at presentation by conventional means underscore the justification for such enthusiasm. However, the wisdom of screening for a cancer for which the mortality is far less than the histologic incidence remains to be proven. In the final analysis, the question is not whether we can detect more carcinoma, but rather whether we can significantly decrease patient morbidity and mortality. Until prospective randomized clinical trials demonstrate the effectiveness of early detection programs for carcinoma of the prostate, it is difficult to recommend such screening to the general public.
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PMID:Prostate-specific antigen and premalignant change: implications for early detection. 248 17

Atypical glandular proliferations of the prostate are found in combination with prostate carcinomas but also with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). These atypical glandular lesions that mimic glandular carcinoma within the anterocentral part of the prostate (transition zone) are named "atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH)." The term for atypical ductal and acinar mainly papillary and/or cribriform proliferations in the peripheral zone is "prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)." In this study the significance of the status of nucleoli and the number of silver-stained nucleolar organizing regions (AgNOR) as a method for measuring proliferative activity was investigated in biopsies of AAH, PIN and carcinomas of different grades of malignancy. The aim was to prove whether there are relationships of AAH to low grade carcinomas on the one hand and of PIN to high grade carcinomas on the other hand. The frequency of nuclei with small nucleoli was low in BPH (0.6%). The values increased to 8.3% in AAH, and 28.7% in PIN. The frequency of nuclei with prominent nucleoli in low grade carcinomas was 41.7% and in high grade carcinomas 81.1%. Usually, one single nucleolus was found per nucleus. Multiple prominent nucleoli were found in high grade carcinomas and in some cases of high grade PIN only. The result of AgNOR-analysis was similar: low numbers in BPH, low to moderate values in AAH, moderate values in low grade carcinomas and high values in PIN, as well as high grade carcinomas. Besides correlation between topography, histology and cytology, the similarities of nucleolar and AgNOR-analysis between PIN and high grade carcinomas support the idea that PIN is the precursor of the peripheral prostatic carcinoma. The histological, cytological and cell kinetical features of AAH are intermediate between BPH and low grade carcinoma of the prostate. Therefore, the findings to date are inconclusive and further follow up studies are necessary to prove if AAH may be a precursor of transition zone carcinoma of the prostate.
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PMID:Nucleolar and AgNOR-analysis of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) and prostatic carcinoma. 747 55

Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) is a putative premalignant lesion of the prostate gland. PIN has been demonstrated to share morphologic and phenotypic similarities to invasive carcinoma of the prostate. In addition, PIN is spatially related to invasive carcinoma and occurs with greater frequency in men whose prostates harbor carcinoma. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a glycoprotein produced by the prostatic epithelium. For PSA to be detected in the serum, it must traverse several tissue layers to reach the circulatory system. PSA levels associated with PIN are intermediate between those of benign and malignant prostate tissue. Spatially associated occult carcinoma, disruption of the basal cell layer, and increased vascularity may account for elevated PSA values in PIN.
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PMID:Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate-specific antigen. 750 83

Biopsy materials obtained in the American Cancer Society National Prostate Cancer Detection Project were reviewed at the Central Pathology Laboratory at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Of 265 cases submitted, 177 were diagnosed as prostatic carcinoma, 7 as prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), 13 as atypical glands or atypical hyperplasia, and the remaining 68 were benign hyperplasias. Irrespective of the means of detectin or the grading system used (Gleason or WHO-Mostofi), a large majority of the cancers were detected as low-grade tumors. Of 27 cases of PIN reported, 20 were associated with cancer, leaving 7 cases with the sole diagnosis of PIN. These data may indicate the increased use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), digital rectal examination (DRE), and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) in the United States is shifting the spectrum of prostate cancer pathology toward early low-grade tumors.
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PMID:Pathology review in an early prostate cancer detection program: results from the American Cancer Society-National Prostate Cancer Detection Project. 754 31

The term prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) is an accepted diagnosis in pathology of the prostate. The diagnostic difference between atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) and adenosis is still under debate. A number of questions remain about the significance of grading of AAH and PIN, the biology of AAH and PIN as precursors of carcinoma, the possibility of treatment of AAH and PIN and whether AAH- and PIN-associated cancers differ from non-associated carcinoma. This paper reviews the results and discussions at the First International Consultation Meeting on Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia and Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia and the Origins of the Prostatic Carcinomas. AAH is an architectural atypia of the prostate. The histological and cytological features of AAH are intermediate between BPH and low-grade carcinoma of the prostate. Cell kinetic findings show no distinct neoplastic pattern. AAH may be a precursor of transition zone carcinoma but the findings to date are inconclusive. Follow up studies should address whether the association of AAH and carcinoma is incidental or whether transition occurs between AAH and carcinoma. In contrast, PIN is an accepted preneoplastic lesion and the most likely precursor of the dorso-peripheral zone carcinoma. The diagnosis of high-grade PIN is clinically important, because high-grade PIN is associated with carcinoma in a high percentage of patients (38-100%). AAH- and PIN-associated cancers may not differ from other prostatic cancers. At present treatment for AAH and PIN without carcinoma is not indicated, but high-grade PIN warrants surveillance and follow up of the patient to identify a possible coexisting cancer. It must be stressed that AAH and PIN are multifocal lesions and both are age-associated.
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PMID:The significance of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia for the development of prostate carcinoma. An update. 754 37

The relationship of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and invasive carcinoma of the prostate is not fully understood. It is generally accepted that HGPIN is a probable preinvasive malignant change or at least a marker lesion for carcinoma. The prevalence of HGPIN in younger men is not known. Two hundred and forty nine entirely processed prostates from men aged 20-69 were thoroughly evaluated for the presence of PIN and carcinoma. The histologic diagnosis of all positive cases was confirmed by two pathologists. Our results are summarized as follows: Seventy seven percent of the prostates with HGPIN harbored adenocarcinoma, whereas the frequency of cancer in prostates without HGPIN was 24%. HGPIN was encountered in 0, 5, 10, 41 and 63% of men in the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 7th decades, respectively. The corresponding figures for invasive carcinoma were 2, 29, 32, 55, and 64% respectively.
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PMID:High grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and prostatic adenocarcinoma between the ages of 20-69: an autopsy study of 249 cases. 780 31

Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) has been postulated to be the main precursor of invasive carcinoma of the prostate (IC). The occurrence, distribution and volumes of PIN and IC in addition to grade were studied in 54 patients who underwent total prostatectomy because of localised IC (T0d-T2 NO MO). PIN always occurred multifocally, localised generally in the peripheral zone (PZ) and was found in all cases. PIN 1 was the most common grade, PIN 3 the least. PIN 3 occurred exclusively in the PZ, in the vicinity of or intermingled with high grade IC. PIN and IC grades were usually concordant. The relative volumes of IC and PIN showed an inverse relationship, i.e. at small IC + PIN volumes PIN dominated, whereas at large IC + PIN volumes both relative and absolute PIN volumes were lower. Furthermore, with increasing PIN grade a tendency towards an increase in tumour volume, Gleason score and frequency of disruption of the basal cell layer was observed. These findings indicate progression from PIN to IC. DNA ploidy of PIN areas was determined by means of flow cytometry. Areas containing PIN 1, 2 or 3 were sampled (1 plug/ml of PIN). All foci displayed only diploid DNA profiles regardless of PIN volume and grade, even with coexistent IC displaying heterogeneous DNA patterns. Our results support the claim that low and medium grade prostatic carcinoma arises from near-diploid PIN stemlines and may progress into heterogeneous tumours containing non-diploid stemlines.
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PMID:Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive carcinoma in total prostatectomy specimens: distribution, volumes and DNA ploidy. 840 24

The prostates of 45 patients with benign hyperplasia, precancer and carcinoma of the prostate were studied using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. The correlation between the expression of the prostatic specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase according to the histological type of tumor and the level of differentiation of the prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) was established. PIN is connected with acinar glandular epithelium. It occupies an intermediate position between well differentiated non-invasive carcinoma and large-acinar carcinoma. Cytospecificity of these antigens may be used as markers of premalignant lesions for differential diagnosis of precancerous processes in the prostate. Immunohistochemical properties of PIN may be used for revealing groups of a high risk.
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PMID:[Various immunohistochemical markers of precancer and variants of prostate cancer]. 852 54

p53 protein accumulation in the nuclei of prostatic carcinoma cells, as detected by immunohistochemistry, has been associated with increased cell proliferation rate, increased histologic grade and stage, androgen independence and decreased patient survival. Little is known, however, of p53 in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), the putative precursor proliferation for moderately to poorly differentiated peripheral zone carcinoma of the prostate. In this investigation, we utilized a panel of antibodies reactive with p53 protein to assess p53 protein accumulation in prostatic epithelial hyperplasia, PIN and prostatic carcinoma. Forty patients who had undergone radical prostatectomy were selected for study based on the presence of high grade PIN and carcinoma in the same prostate tissue block. Tissue sections were treated with microwave irradiation for antigen retrieval, and antibodies DO-7, PAb1801 and CM-1 were used for immunohistochemical analysis. An intense signal for immunoreactive p53 was identified in the nuclei of 7/40 (17.5%) clinically-localized prostatic carcinomas. In all 7 cases, high grade PIN also exhibited intense p53 immunoreactivity, whereas only one case of hyperplasia contained immunoreactive p53 protein. These findings support a close relationship between high grade PIN and carcinoma in a subset of primary prostatic carcinomas with high-level p53 protein accumulation.
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PMID:Immunoreactive p53 protein in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. 860 69


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