Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0282612 (PIN)
 2,291 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thirty men with biopsy-proven premalignant or malignant squamous cell lesions of the penis were treated. All had subclinical aceto-white lesions with histologic evidence for human papilloma virus infection. Nineteen patients had penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN I and II) and 11 had squamous cell carcinoma. Of these 11 patients, 6 had noninvasive penile intraepithelial neoplasia--carcinoma in situ (PIN III/Tis)--and 5 had invasive squamous cell carcinoma (4 stage T2 and 1 T3). All were treated with laser: CO2 was used for low-stage lesions, Nd:YAG was used alone or in combination with CO2 laser for more histologically advanced lesions, and KTP/532 was used in one patient with squamous cell carcinoma (Tis). Follow-up in 23 patients for up to 2 years showed that all but 1 (stage T3) remained free from penile malignancy. Appropriate laser therapy for all but deeply invasive (T3) tumors controls local disease, producing results that are clinically equal and cosmetically and functionally far superior to partial penectomy.
 ...
PMID:Laser treatment of premalignant and malignant squamous cell lesions of the penis. 150 18

The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and other reported cofactors in the genesis, evolution, and clinical manifestations of precancerous and cancerous squamous cell lesions of the penis were studied in 34 men. Clinically, all lesions demonstrated aceto-whitening. Histologic changes of HPV infection formed a field-of-change that involved the components of the preputial cavity in all patients. These changes were associated with minor grades of penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN I and II) in 19 patients, major grades of PIN/carcinoma in situ (PIN III/Tis) in 7, and invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCCa, Stages T2 and T3) in 8. Most of the patients (79.4%) were heavy smokers; 52.9 percent had a history of HPV infection, PIN, or invasive penile SCCa; and 60 percent of 30 patients had female sexual partners who had HPV-related genital neoplasia. A pilot virologic study of specimens obtained from 20 representative patients utilizing polymerase chain reaction amplification detected HPV DNA in 80 percent. Laser therapy was aimed at the entire field-of-change in 30 patients; recurrent minor-grade PIN or SCCa developed in 2 of 23 patients (8.7%) followed for up to three years. Of the 4 remaining patients treated with local excision or partial penectomy, 3 (75%) had development of recurrent minor-grade PIN when followed for up to four years. The combination of the host of carcinogenic factors and currently rampant immunologic disorders will likely lead to an increase in the historically low incidence of SCCa of the penis in the United States.
 ...
PMID:Human papillomavirus infection and intraepithelial, in situ, and invasive carcinoma of penis. 839 80

The identification of 2 or 3 different grades of prostate intraepithelial neoplasia has led to a number of difficult concepts and treatment possibilities. Postmortem examination of the prostates of men over the age of 20, who have died of other causes, mainly road traffic accidents, have been examined and the earliest signs of intraepithelial neoplasia can be seen in some of them. The most common age for prostate cancer to present clinically is between 60 and 65 years and because the majority of men do not develop clinical prostate cancer, there must be a very large number who never progress further than PIN I or II. It is very rare for the early stages of intraepithelial neoplasia to be associated with frank carcinoma. However, it is known that PIN III is frequently found in the presence of carcinoma elsewhere in the gland and this stage is seen as a premalignant development. PIN III in the presence of prostate carcinoma is treated by whatever modality is used to treat the carcinoma. In the absence of carcinoma, there are urologists who consider that it should be regarded as a T1 tumor and radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy with delayed hormonal therapy are definite alternatives. From a certain amount of anecdotal evidence, it seems that the transition from PIN III to a focal carcinoma may take in the order of 2-3 years. Whether this transition can be definitely postponed by the early use of hormonal therapy is not known. Prostate intraepithelial neoplasia may also be treated by other modalities such as anti-angiogenesis agents, gene therapy, anti-metastatic agents, or metalloproteinase inhibitors. The effects of these treatments can be examined histologically by repeated biopsies to ensure that the process remains arrested. If the process of intraepithelial neoplasia can be identified at early stages, dietary modifications may well reduce mitogenic influences and slow down the process or even halt it altogether.
 ...
PMID:PIN I-III: when should we interfere? 1032 14

Several mouse models of human prostate cancer were studied to identify and characterize potential precursor lesions containing foci of atypical epithelial cells. These lesions exhibit a sequence of changes suggesting progressive evolution toward malignancy. Based on these observations, a grading system is proposed to classify prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) in genetically engineered mice (GEM). Four grades of GEM PIN are proposed based on their architecture, differentiation pattern, and degree of cytological atypia. PIN I lesions have one or two layers of atypical cells. PIN II has two or more layers of atypical cells. PIN III has large, pleomorphic nuclei with prominent nucleoli and the cells tend to involve the entire lumen with expansion of the duct outlines. PIN IV lesions contain atypical cells that fill the lumen and bulge focally into, and frequently compromise, the fibromuscular sheath. Within the same cohorts, the lower grade PINs first appear earlier than the higher grades. Morphometric and immunohistochemical analyses confirm progressive change. Although the malignant potential of PIN IV in mice has not been proven, GEM PIN is similar to human PIN. This PIN classification system is a first step toward a systematic evaluation of the biological potential of these lesions in GEM.
 ...
PMID:Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in genetically engineered mice. 1216 97