Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0279530 (bone cancer)
 1,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In this paper the radiation-associated relative risks of second primary cancer incidence in groups treated for first primary cancer by radiotherapy are compared with radiation-associated relative risk estimates in the Japanese atomic bomb survivor cancer incidence data. For four cancer sites, namely lung cancer, bone cancer, ovarian cancer and leukaemia, the relative risks in the comparable (age at exposure, time since exposure, sex matched) subsets of the Japanese data are significantly greater than those in the majority of second cancer studies. Even when the differences between the relative risks in the Japanese atomic bomb survivors and the medical series do not approach conventional levels of statistical significance, relative risks tend to be higher in the Japanese data than in the second cancer studies. At least for leukaemia, the discrepancy between the Japanese and second cancer risks can be largely explained by cell-sterilisation effects. There are few indications of modification of radiation-associated second cancer relative risk among those treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, nor are there strong indications of modification of radiation-associated relative risk by heritable genetic factors. If anything, there is evidence that second cancer relative excess risks are lower among those patients with cancer-prone disorders than among non-susceptible patients. However, the higher underlying cancer risk in some of these medically exposed populations should also be considered, in particular for those with cancer-prone conditions, so that the absolute excess risk is sometimes higher than in the Japanese data.
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PMID:Relative risks of radiation-associated cancer: comparison of second cancer in therapeutically irradiated populations with the Japanese atomic bomb survivors. 1065 48

A nationwide, computer-based survey of all total joint arthroplasties performed in Finland has been carried out since January 1980. From these records, a cohort of 9,444 patients, with 51,756 person-years, after primary operation with a total polyethylene-on-metal knee arthroplasty (TKA) was followed up for cancer through the Finnish Cancer Register up to December 31, 1996. During the follow-up, 706 cancers were observed. The expected number, based on national rates, was 719; therefore, the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) for all cancers was 0.98. The SIRs for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (1.40), Hodgkin's disease (1.24) and multiple myeloma (1.54) were increased, but only that of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was statistically significant 3-10 years after the operation. The numbers of observed cases of prostate cancer exceeded that of expected, with a SIR value of 1.49. A low SIR of lung cancer was observed among men, especially during the first 3 years (0.61), but not in women. The SIR for colon cancer was below unity in women only (SIR 0.70). The SIR for cancer of the urinary organs was close to unity (0.97). SIR relating to soft tissue and bone cancer did not differ significantly from unity, and none of the 6 sarcomas was observed at the site of a prosthesis. The overall cancer risk after TKA done for primary osteoarthrosis seems not to be increased. The increases in lymphoma and prostate cancer risk, however, are observations that could be related to TKA and justify further follow-up of the cohort.
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PMID:Cancer incidence after total knee arthroplasty: a nationwide Finnish cohort from 1980 to 1996 involving 9,444 patients. 1066 28

Bone cancer pain is common among cancer patients and can have a devastating effect on their quality of life. A chief problem in designing new therapies for bone cancer pain is that it is unclear what mechanisms drive this distinct pain condition. Here we show that osteoprotegerin, a secreted 'decoy' receptor that inhibits osteoclast activity, also blocks behaviors indicative of pain in mice with bone cancer. A substantial part of the actions of osteoprotegerin seems to result from inhibition of tumor-induced bone destruction that in turn inhibits the neurochemical changes in the spinal cord that are thought to be involved in the generation and maintenance of cancer pain. These results demonstrate that excessive tumor-induced bone destruction is involved in the generation of bone cancer pain and that osteoprotegerin may provide an effective treatment for this common human condition.
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PMID:Osteoprotegerin blocks bone cancer-induced skeletal destruction, skeletal pain and pain-related neurochemical reorganization of the spinal cord. 1080

Low-grade intraosseous osteosarcoma is an uncommon form of bone cancer. It is occasionally difficult to recognize as a malignant tumor and is commonly misdiagnosed as a benign fibrous lesion. We retrospectively studied the records of 8 patients with low-grade intraosseous osteosarcoma in the files of the Tohoku Musculoskeletal Tumor Society in Japan. All tumors arose in the lower limb. The most common symptom was pain, with a duration exceeding 2 years in 4 patients. Radiologic findings, including those at magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), suggested malignancy in 5 lesions, whereas 3 were diagnosed as benign. Two patients initially presented with pathological fracture. The initial pathological diagnosis was malignant in 5 patients and benign in 3. All eight tumors were grade 1 in Broders' classification. The tumor showed a permeative pattern in all eight cases, but this pattern could not be confirmed in the multiple tiny fragments obtained as biopsy specimens in 3 cases. The number of silver-staining nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR) per nucleus and MIB-1-positive rate were significantly higher in low-grade intraosseous osteosarcoma than in fibrous dysplasia, offering an advantage in differential diagnosis. Three patients (38%) developed high-grade sarcoma at the site of local recurrence after multiple intralesional excisions, and one of them died of the disease. The other 5 patients had a good clinical course after surgery with a wide margin. These findings indicate that preoperative diagnosis with radiologic investigation, including magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and histologic examination of biopsy specimens is essential in preparation for surgery with a wide margin, assuring a good clinical course, and the results of AgNOR and immunohistochemical MIB-1 staining might be helpful in differentiating low-grade intraosseous osteosarcoma from fibrous dysplasia.
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PMID:Low-grade intraosseous osteosarcoma in northern Japan: advantage of AgNOR and MIB-1 staining in differential diagnosis. 1087 54

Investigation of a possible increase in sensitivity to occurrence of radionuclide-induced skeletal malignancy with increasing body size was analyzed among 358 beagles injected as young adults with either 226Ra or monomeric 239Pu and maintained for their lifespans. Corresponding analyses were performed for about 240 other beagles injected as young adults with 90Sr, 228Ra, or 228Th. Body masses at the time of injection ranged between about 5.6 and 16 kg. Logistic regression analysis using body mass and cumulative skeletal radiation dose as the independent variables indicated that there could not be established a dependency of tumor occurrence upon body mass, although skeletal dose was found to be significantly correlated with occurrence of bone cancer. Regression analysis indicated that for any dosage group there could not be established a correlation between body mass and skeletal dose. Each dosage group having similar injected kBq kg(-1) for each nuclide was divided into 2 subgroups of equal size, one containing the less massive dogs and the other containing the more massive dogs. These subgroups within a roughly uniform value of skeletal dose-rate were compared by Fisher's Exact Test, and the less massive subgroups were combined within each nuclide for an additional, separate analysis against the combined more massive subgroups using the same method. In only one instance (the dosage group given 3607 kBq 90Sr kg(-1)) was there indicated a substantially greater tumor occurrence among dogs in the more massive subgroup (p = 0.061). However, for the group given 0.382 kBq 239Pu kg(-1) there was indicated a significant difference between subgroups, but the effect was exactly opposite to that found for the highest level 90Sr dogs in that the less massive subgroup had a higher relative tumor occurrence than the most massive (p = 0.042). For all groups with a p-value < 0.10, a possible correlation was investigated between survival and body mass at injection (since bone tumor occurrence might be a function of longevity), but a significant relationship could not be determined. No significant differences could be established between the combined more massive and the combined less massive subgroups for any radionuclide. We conclude that, for the conditions in our experiment, relative size within a species does not contribute importantly to the sensitivity (lifetime occurrence) for induction of skeletal malignancy.
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PMID:Does body size contribute to sensitivity of bone tumor induction by radionuclide exposure? 1091 Mar 92

Our analysis of data from the beagle project completed at the University of Utah has provided some comparisons that appear to be useful in testing the model proposed by Raabe of effective thresholds for induction of skeletal malignancy by bone-seeking radionuclides in beagles. Raabe's model predicted that cumulative skeletal doses of less than about 0.9 to 1.4 Gy from alpha emitters or 28 to 70 Gy from beta emitters deposited in the skeleton require a long enough time for bone cancer expression that the dog's natural lifespan would be exceeded before the tumor appeared. Results from the Utah beagle project seem to confirm these projections for 226Ra, 228Ra and, perhaps, for 90Sr. The lowest doses at which malignant bone tumors were observed in animals injected with these radium isotopes were about 0.9 Gy (226Ra) and 3 Gy (228Ra). For the beta emitter, 90Sr, the lowest doses at which bone tumors were seen were about 18, 50, and 70 Gy with an expectation for naturally occurring tumor of about one. Twenty-six of the two hundred and thirty-three Utah beagles given monomeric 239Pu that developed skeletal malignancies had doses between 0.02 and 0.51 Gy (80 of these dogs had skeletal doses of less than 0.9 Gy). Three dogs of 54 given 241Am with doses lower than 0.9 Gy had bone tumors at 0.23, 0.56, and 0.88 Gy with the expectation of about one naturally occurring case. For 25 animals injected with 228Th at skeletal doses below 0.9 Gy, one bone tumor dog had a dose of about 0.4 Gy, and the expectation of a dog with natural tumor among the group was only about 0.38. Five beagles of 74 given 224Ra with resulting doses of less than 0.9 Gy died with skeletal malignancy at 0.32 Gy or less with an expectation for non 224Ra induced tumor of about one. It appears that Raabe's proposal might be confirmed for some but not all of the radionuclides used in the Utah studies. Models presented in earlier papers by Raabe provide results that are somewhat different from his recent abstract and compare more favorably with those cited herein for Utah dogs. Re-examination of our data for these analyses has suggested a novel concept for calculation of carcinogenic dose to endosteal bone surfaces.
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PMID:Effective thresholds for induction of skeletal malignancies by radionuclides. 1108 10

Doxorubicin is one of the most potent anti-tumor agents used generally in the treatment of bone cancer. Like other cancer chemotharepeutics, it produces undesirable side effects such as cardiotoxicity, which is especially severe when administrated via the conventional intravenous route. In order to minimize the systemic toxicities and to make this drug more suitable for the treatment of bone cancer, an implantable delivery system with cross-linked gelatin as the biodegradable matrix material was developed. This delivery system could possibly improve targeting of the drug as well as sustain the rate of release of the drug to the tumor. Glutaraldehyde was used as a cross-linking agent. Incorporation of glutaraldehyde in the matrix was needed to maintain the mechanical strength of the implant and to sustain the rate of release of the drug from the implant. Besides cross-linking the gelatin matrix, glutaraldehyde was found to cross-link the free amino group of doxorubicin. The effect of cross-linker concentration on the stability of the drug in the implant and on the rate and extent of release were also evaluated. In conclusion, cross-linked gelatin implants were developed for the local delivery of doxorubicin.
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PMID:Effect of cross-linking on the in vitro release kinetics of doxorubicin from gelatin implants. 1116 98

Bone cancer pain most commonly occurs when tumors originating in breast, prostate, or lung metastasize to long bones, spinal vertebrae, and/or pelvis. Primary and metastatic cancers involving bone account for approximately 400,000 new cancer cases per year in the United States alone, and >70% of patients with advanced breast or prostate cancer have skeletal metastases. Whereas pain resulting from bone cancer can dramatically impact an individual's quality of life, very little is known about the mechanisms that generate and maintain this pain. To begin to define the mechanisms that give rise to advanced bone cancer pain, osteolytic 2472 sarcoma cells or media were injected into the intramedullary space of the femur of C3H/HeJ mice, and the injection hole was sealed using dental amalgam, confining the tumor cells to the bone. Twelve days after injection of 2472 tumor cells, animals showed advanced tumor-induced bone destruction of the injected femur, bone cancer pain, and a stereotypic set of neurochemical changes in the spinal cord dorsal horn that receives sensory inputs from the affected femur. Administration of osteoprotegerin, a naturally secreted decoy receptor that inhibits osteoclast maturation and activity and induces osteoclast apoptosis, or vehicle was begun at 12 days, when significant bone destruction had already occurred, and administration was continued daily until day 21. Ongoing pain behaviors, movement-evoked pain behaviors, and bone destruction were assessed on days 10, 12, 14, 17, and 21. The neurochemistry of the spinal cord was evaluated at days 12 and 21. Results indicated that osteoprotegerin treatment halted further bone destruction, reduced ongoing and movement-evoked pain, and reversed several aspects of the neurochemical reorganization of the spinal cord. Thus, even in advanced stages of bone cancer, ongoing osteoclast activity appears to be involved in the generation and maintenance of ongoing and movement-evoked pain. Blockade of ongoing osteoclast activity appears to have the potential to reduce bone cancer pain in patients with advanced tumor-induced bone destruction.
Cancer Res 2001 May 15
PMID:Osteoprotegerin diminishes advanced bone cancer pain. 1135 23

Nucleolar organizer regions [NORS] are loops of DNA that transcribe to ribosomal RNA. They can be visualized as intranuclear black dots by histochemical staining with a colloid silver solution. Silver stained nucleolar proteins (AgNORs) were counted in a variety of jaw bone tumours. In osteosarcomas, the number of AgNORs was also quantified before and after chemotherapy. Malignant bone tumour cells possessed more than five small AgNORs (5.54 +/- 0.44). Nuclei of benign jaw bone tumour cells had less than three (2. 97 +/-0.61). A significant difference in the number of AgNORs between osteosarcoma before chemotherapy (5.76 +/- 0.50) and after chemotherapy (3.89 +/- 1.65) was observed. (P < 0.05). The number ofAgNORs in recurrent osteosarcoma, recurrent ameloblastic carcinoma and recurrent chondrosarcoma was much higher than in their respective primary lesion but without statistical significant difference. The results of the present study indicate that the AGNOR count might help in determining malignancy, evaluating the effect of chemotherapy, and deciding the prognosis.
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PMID:Evaluation of nucleolar organizer regions in tumours of the jaw bones. 1148 76

Malignant neoplasms involving the temporal bone are a relatively rare and often misdiagnosed disease. Staging of temporal bone cancer has proven difficult because of the small number of patients with this condition, the various histopathologic and histologic findings reported, and a lack of randomized trials. Of the various staging systems that have been proposed, the Pittsburgh classification appears to be the most widely accepted. A retrospective study of 31 patients with temporal bone malignancy at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences has led us to propose a modification of the Pittsburgh classification for early-stage lesions. This modification places more emphasis on the site of disease in the canal and less on the size of the primary tumor or degree of bony invasion. This review discusses this staging system, the management of these tumors in a multidisciplinary team approach, reconstructive options, and auditory rehabilitation.
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PMID:Cancer of the external auditory canal and temporal bone. 1173 17


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