Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0278488 (metastatic breast cancer)
 7,812 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The estrogen receptor was assayed, using the 2,000g supernatant and dextran-coated charcoal method, in 243 tissue samples from human breast cancer, benign breast diseases, macroscopically normal breast tissues, normal uterine myometrium, and uterine myoma. The estrogen receptor was found to be positive in 52.1% of 98 primary breast cancer and in 54.1% of 24 metastatic tumors. The receptor in the breast cancer was found to be similar to that in normal uterine myometrium in the binding character; that is, the dissociation constant of 10(-9) approximately 10(-11) M and number of binding sites of 0 approximately 2,800 fmol/mg protein. There was no correlation between the presence of the receptor and some clinical factors such as menopausal status, age of the patient, urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion, clinical stage of cancer, tumor size, positive or negative axillary lymph node metastasis, histological type, metastatic site of the cancer, or disease-free interval. The estrogen receptor appeared to be retained by metastasis of cancer, and this may lead to the use of the receptor assay with mastectomy specimens for the prediction of response to hormonal therapy in future recurrence of malignancy. Furthermore, it may be possible by this assay to select patients suitable for adjuvant therapy with hormones at the time of mastectomy. A good correlation was found between the presence of the receptor and response to the major endocrine ablation therapy in patients with advanced or metastatic breast cancer. When the receptor was negative in the cancer tissue, the change of response to the endocrine therapy was minimum. On the other hand, if the cancer contained the receptor, approximately 60% of the patients with metastatic or advanced breast cancer responded well to the major endocrine ablation therapy. Thus, the estrogen receptor of breast cancer in Japanese patients appears to bear a close resemblance to that reported in Western patients in its incidence and the correlation to some biological characteristics of the cancer.
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PMID:Estrogen receptor in breast cancer of the Japanese. 19 78

Antiestrogen compounds are relatively new in the treatment of breast cancer. A clinical trial of Nafoxidine therapy is being pursued in our institution. In a selected group of patients with metastatic breast cancer who had, in the past, undergone adrenalectomy, Nafoxidine therapy produced objective tumor regression in six out of ten patients. Of the six patients whose tumors contained demonstrable estrogen receptors, four showed regression (67%), one patient had stable disease, and one showed tumor progression. Of the four patients in whom estrogen receptor estimation was not done, two had, in the past, shown regression after endocrine therapy and they also showed regression of tumor with Nafoxidine therapy. In patients with metastatic breast carcinoma, who have undergone adrenalectomy in the past, a therapeutic trial with Nafoxidine may be worthwhile particularly in patients who have demonstrable estrogen receptor in the tumor of those who have in the past shown regression of tumor after endocrine therapy.
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PMID:Clinical trial of nafoxidine in adrenalectomized patients with advanced breast cancer. 33 79

The most useful new hormonal therapy against estrogen receptor-containing metastatic breast cancer is the development of antiestrogenic agents such as nafoxidine and tamoxifen. Both of these drugs possess antitumor activity comparable to that of other additive hormonal agents, and they are better tolerated for lack of any serious toxicity. The clinical usefulness of antiprolactin drugs in breast cancer is at present limited. Adrenal suppression using aminoglutethimide has been shown to induce useful remissions. We discuss the implications of new treatment modalities for the future management of disseminated breast cancer.
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PMID:Hormonal therapy of breast cancer: new approaches and concepts. 33 2

In an effort to improve the response rate to endocrine manipulation in patients with metastatic breast cancer, there has been vigorous inquiry into the mechanism of action of steroid hormones. The author discusses the value of receptor assays, specifically recommending the measurement of the estrogen receptor status of every breast cancer.
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PMID:Current status of hormone receptors in human breast cancer. 42 77

This study describes the distribution and frequency of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), androgen receptor (AR), and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in a large series of patients with primary metastatic breast cancer. 329 patients were in this series. All 4 steroid hormone receptors were present in the population: ER was positive in 53%, PR was positive in 38%, AR was positive for 31%, and GR was positive in 52%. Next, the distribution of ERs as well as the distributions of PR, AR, and GR values seemed unimodal. There was a very high correlation between any steroid hormone receptor value expressed as either fmol/mg of cytoplasmic protein or fmol/mg of breast tumor. Of more importance was that alternate methods of data expression did not alter the classification of values as positive or negative. No correlation was found between any of the steroid hormone receptors and laterality of the breast tumor, location and size of the primary tumor, extent of disease, or type of tissue assayed. None of the steroid hormone receptors correlated with age. There was a strong correlation noted between ER values and menopausal status. Neither PR, AR, nor GR was significantly associated with menopausal status. ER status was correlated with axillary nodal status, with the ER positive group containing a high proportion of node-negative patients. Finally, quantitative analysis of steroid receptor hormone values demonstrated correlations among other receptors. Plotting values of any 1 receptor vs. any other receptor resulted in a positive Kendall rank test correlation which was highly significant.
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PMID:Distribution, frequency, and quantitative analysis of estrogen, progesterone, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptors in human breast cancer. 42 88

Endocrine hormone treatment has been found to be effective in treating metastatic breast cancer in 20-40% of the cases. The effectiveness of this treatment can be predicted to a certain extent by determining whether the hormone receptors in the tumor tissue react positively or negatively when incubated with highly active hormones, e.g. H3-17 beta-estradiol. Estrogen receptors are found in 60-70% of primary tumors and 40-50% of tissue samples from metastatized tumors. Estrogen receptors are more frequently found in post-menopausal women than in women who are still menstruating. Progesterone receptors have been found in 20-40% of all investigations undertaken, androgen receptors in 20-30%, and corticosteroid receptors in 20-50%. A remission rate of 56% has been achieved after endocrine therapy of those with positive estrogen receptor tests, compared to 10% among those with negative tests. The correlation between the receptor test results and (the success of) endocrine therapy is not very high; this could be a factor determined by the cellular constitution of a tumor. The remission rate is 75% among patients with positive receptor tests for both estrogen and progesterone. Faulty lab techniques could be responsible for low correlation. Determination of the receptor activity of both the primary tumor and its metasases, or immunological or immunohistological determination of receptor activity may improve the usefulness of the test in determining tumor reaction to endocrine hormone treatment.
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PMID:[The clinical value of hormone receptors in the treatment of breast neoplasms]. 54 83

Tumor samples from 4 different stages of hormonal progression in the MT-W9 series of rat mammary tumors were analyzed for estrogen receptors by the dextran-coated charcoal method in order to further explore the clinical implications of the estrogen receptor assay. The findings indicate that although the presence of estrogen receptors is not an exclusive characteristic of hormonal dependency, their absence is indicative of a later stage of hormonal progression which might be of more immediate clinical consequence because hormonally autonomous tumors have faster growth rates than hormonally dependent tumors. It is also suggested that it may be necessary to initiate chemotherapy as an adjuvant to endocrine therapy for metastatic breast cancer patients with hormonally dependent tumors in order to avoid the eventual proliferation of hormonally autonomous tumor cells which are present in hormonally dependent tumors.
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PMID:Estrogen receptor levels in hormonally progressive mammary tumors. 59 57

Twenty-five patients with measurable metastatic breast cancer and assays for estrogen receptor (ER) were studied. Of the 16 ER positive patients on anti-estrogen therapy, one had complete disappearance of all tumor for seven months and seven patients had more than 50% reduction in their measurable tumor for an average duration of 8.8 months. Seven other ER positive patients had stabilization of their tumors for an average interval of 8.4 months. Only one of the 16 ER positive patients progressed promptly. Conversely there was only one partial response in the nine ER negative patients and only two ER negative patients had stabilization of disease. Six out of nine ER negative patients progressed promptly. Correlation existed between the duration of response and absolute estrogen receptor level of the tumor. There may be a positive correlation between the response to antiestrogen therapy and response to endocrine ablation but prospective studies must be done to further define the role of antiestrogens in this regard.
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PMID:The use of antiestrogens tamoxifen and nafoxidine in the treatment of human breast cancer in correlation with estrogen receptor values. A phase II study. 63 66

The influence of steroid hormone receptors on response rate to cytotoxic chemotherapy in 70 patients with metastatic breast cancer was determined in a retrospective study. We have previously reported that 34 of 45 patients with tumors containing low or absent estrogen-receptor values had objective responses to chemotherapy while three of 25 patients with positive estrogen-receptor tumors responded. In the present study, 22 of 34 patients with low or absent progesterone-receptor tumors had an objective response to cytotoxic chemotherapy, while none of eight patients with a positive progesterone-receptor tumor responded (P less than 0.05). Patients having tumors with a negative estrogen receptor and a negative progesterone receptor had a response rate of 88% (21 of 24 patients). There were three patients whose tumors were estrogen-receptor negative but progesterone-receptor positive; none had a response to chemotherapy. Chemotherapy response was not associated with the presence or absence of either androgen or glucocorticoid receptor. We conclude that progesterone-receptor values in addition to estrogen-receptor status may prove to be important correlates of response to cytotoxic chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer. Androgen- and glucocorticoid-receptor analyses are not helpful in predicting response to chemotherapy.
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PMID:Association between steroid hormone receptors and response rate to cytotoxic chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer. 68 73

Sixteen patients underwent biopsy of primary or metastatic breast cancer and had equal portions of the tumors rapidly frozen by either the use of liquid nitrogen or the fluorinated hydrocarbon spray, Cryokwik. The estrogen receptor protein (ERP) assay was then performed on both specimens, utilizing the surcose gradient density method. In general, both methods of freezing gave similar results. Three patients had ERP measured after approximately three to four months of storage at -70 C. After a minimum of 14 weeks' storage, there was no statistically significant loss of activity by either method of preparation. The Cryokwik preparation method makes the accurate measurement of ERP possible for all community hospitals. The tissue may be prepared and stored until a convenient time for transportation to the appropriate laboratory.
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PMID:Freezing and storage of breast cancer tissue for estrogen receptor protein assay: a convenient method. 83 53


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