Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0278488 (metastatic breast cancer)
 7,812 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Identification of multiple clinical and pathologic prognostic factors in differentiated thyroid cancer has permitted some degree of risk stratification. However, these clinical indices fail to distinguish potential intrinsic differences in tumor virulence. The nm23 gene has been identified as a potential metastasis suppressor gene that is homologous to nucleoside diphosphate kinases. Studies in human breast cancer have shown a significant inverse correlation between nm23 levels and nodal involvement/tumor recurrence. Given the possible clinical utility of a marker of metastatic potential in the management of thyroid carcinoma, we examined 34 thyroid neoplasms and a human medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) cell line (TT) for nm23 expression. Normalized nm23 expression was assessed by Northern analysis of tumor RNA. nm23 Expression (tumor expression/TT cell expression, mean +/- SE) was 1.14 +/- 0.15* in MTCs (n = 5), 0.70 +/- 0.10* in follicular cancers (n = 6), 0.51 +/- 0.11 in papillary cancers (n = 19), and 0.31 +/- 0.03 in follicular adenomas (n = 4) (*p < 0.05 when compared to adenomas). Within histologic groups, we found no correlation between nm23 expression and nodal involvement of distant metastases. Our results indicate that thyroid neoplasms of different histologies express varying levels of the nm23 transcript. Although nm23 expression seems diminished in metastatic breast cancer, it appears not to be the case in metastatic thyroid cancer. The nm23 gene may therefore have different roles in the evolution and metastases of different neoplasms.
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PMID:Expression of a potential metastasis suppressor gene (nm23) in thyroid neoplasms. 827 82

Pazopanib is an oral, multi-targeted, tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that binds to the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) and several other key proteins responsible for angiogenesis, tumor growth and cell survival. Pazopanib exhibited in vivo and in vitro activity against tumor growth and, in early clinical trials, was well tolerated with the main side effects being hypertension, fatigue and gastrointestinal disorders. Pazopanib showed clinical activity in several tumors including renal cell cancer (RCC), breast cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, thyroid cancer, hepatocellular cancer and cervical cancer. A phase III clinical trial in metastatic RCC patients showed a significant improvement in progression-free survival, leading to its approval in the US. In metastatic breast cancer, the combination of pazopanib with lapatinib was more effective than lapatinib alone. At the time of the current publication, pazopanib is being evaluated in more than 35 phase II and III trials.
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PMID:Pazopanib: Clinical development of a potent anti-angiogenic drug. 2045 72

Sorafenib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is approved for the treatment of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). It is being evaluated in phase II and III clinical trials, which include treatment as a single agent (locally advanced/metastatic radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer [DTC]), as part of multimodality care (HCC), and in combination with chemotherapeutic agents (metastatic breast cancer). Sorafenib-related adverse events (AEs) that commonly occur across these tumor types include hand-foot skin reaction (HSFR), rash, upper and lower gastrointestinal (GI) distress (ie, diarrhea), fatigue, and hypertension. These commonly range from grade 1 to 3, per the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), and often occur early in treatment. The goal for the management of these AEs is to prevent, treat, and/or minimize their effects, thereby enabling patients to remain on treatment and improve their quality of life. Proactive management, along with ongoing patient education (before and during sorafenib treatment), can help to effectively manage symptoms, often without the need for sorafenib dose modification or drug holidays. Effective management techniques for common sorafenib-related AEs, as well other important disease sequelae not directly related to treatment, are presented. Recommendations and observations are based on physician/author experience and recommendations from published literature.
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PMID:Management of sorafenib-related adverse events: a clinician's perspective. 2457 54

Sorafenib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is indicated for the treatment of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Sorafenib is currently being evaluated in phase II and III trials in various malignancies as a single agent (locally advanced/metastatic radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer [DTC]), as part of multimodality care (HCC), and in combination with chemotherapies (metastatic breast cancer). Grade 1 and 2 adverse events (AEs) that commonly occur during treatment (ie, dermatologic manifestations, diarrhea, fatigue, and hypertension) should be proactively managed. The goal is to allow patients to remain on their full dose of sorafenib for as long as their treatment is indicated. A combination of early recognition of and intervention for AEs, patient education, and an open dialogue between patients and their multidisciplinary healthcare team, with timely reporting of AEs, will allow for effective management of AEs and minimize the need for sorafenib dose reduction or discontinuation.
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PMID:Management of common adverse events in patients treated with sorafenib: nurse and pharmacist perspective. 2457 55