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Query: UMLS:C0278134 (anesthesia)
 110,339 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have studied the effect of nitrous oxide on the cuff pressure of a laryngeal mask both in vitro and in vivo. In laboratory tests, we showed that nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide diffuse across the cuff wall much more rapidly than nitrogen and oxygen. Differing partial pressures of these gases across the cuff wall therefore give rise to changes in volume and pressure within the cuff. We then studied 18 patients undergoing general anaesthesia with nitrous oxide, and found a consistent and linear increase in cuff pressure in all patients. After 30 min, the mean pressure had increased by 30 mmHg, and there was approximately 10% nitrous oxide in the cuff. It is difficult to relate these findings to pressure on pharyngeal structures, but methods of limiting the rise in intracuff pressure are discussed.
Anaesthesia 1992 Apr
PMID:The effect of nitrous oxide on laryngeal mask cuff pressure. In vitro and in vivo studies. 151 30

Rapid euthanasia of laboratory rodents without the use of anesthesia is a necessary research technique whenever there is the likelihood of anesthesia or stress interfering with the chemistry of the tissues under investigation. Decapitation has long been the procedure of choice under such circumstances. Recently, however, the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) panel on euthanasia recommended that decapitation be avoided on the grounds that the decapitated head may be conscious and suffering for as much as 15 seconds. The panel further recommended that if decapitation was scientifically necessary, the decapitated head be immediately immersed in liquid nitrogen. These AVMA guidelines now enjoy regulatory status; the recommendation that decapitation be avoided has thus caused considerable difficulty for all research requiring rapid, anesthesia-free collection of tissues. The scientific validity of these recommendations is consequently a matter of great practical as well as theoretical importance. The decision to discourage decapitation appears to have been based on a single literature report claiming that the EEG of the decapitated head revealed conscious suffering for more than 10 seconds (Mikeska and Klemm 1976). This review carefully examines the scientific literature on this subject. It is concluded that the report by Mikeska and Klemm of EEG activation in the decapitated head is correct, but that this phenomenon is also seen when the decapitated head is under deep anesthesia, and in normal brains under ether anesthesia or during REM sleep. Hence these findings do not demonstrate either consciousness or the perception of pain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Euthanasia by decapitation: evidence that this technique produces prompt, painless unconsciousness in laboratory rodents. 152 30

We examined the potential toxicity of desflurane in 13 young 25.0 +/- 2.3 (mean +/- SD) yr-old men, given 7.35 +/- 0.81 MAC-hours of desflurane anesthesia. Hepatic and renal function tests, serum electrolytes, and standard urine and hematologic tests were performed before, during, and after anesthesia. No toxicity was found. There were no changes in tests of hepatocellular integrity (plasma alanine transferase activity), synthetic function (serum albumin, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time), or renal function (serum creatinine concentration, blood urea nitrogen concentration). Decreases in red blood cell count, hematocrit, and blood hemoglobin concentration during and immediately after anesthesia were attributed to blood sampling and infusion of intravenous electrolyte solution. These values returned by 4 days after anesthesia to values not different from those before anesthesia. Increased white blood cell counts and blood glucose concentrations noted during anesthesia with other inhaled anesthetics were also seen in these volunteers. Desflurane appears to have no greater toxicity than currently used inhaled anesthetics and, because of its lesser metabolism, may have lesser or not toxicity.
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PMID:Desflurane does not produce hepatic or renal injury in human volunteers. 155 24

Telazol was evaluated as an anesthetic for rabbits. Two groups of five rabbits each were injected intramuscularly with 32 or 64 mg/kg of Telazol, and the depth and duration of anesthesia period monitored. At both doses, the righting reflex was lost within 2 minutes postinjection. Animals in both groups responded to noxious stimuli for the duration of the anesthesia. Hematology and urinalyses were performed daily for 7 days postinjection. Hematologic parameters remained unchanged in both groups. In the high-dose group, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels increased 1 day postinjection and continued steadily throughout the week. Elevations in urine protein and the presence of casts correlated with this increase. In the low-dose group, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels increased and protein was present in the urine of four of five rabbits beginning approximately 5 days postinjection. Histologically, severe renal tubular necrosis was evident 7 days postinjection in all high-dose rabbits and in three rabbits in the low-dose group. Our results indicate that Telazol does not produce analgesia in rabbits and is nephrotoxic at both 32 and 64 mg/kg. We conclude that Telazol is contraindicated for use in rabbits.
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PMID:Anesthetic and nephrotoxic effects of Telazol in New Zealand white rabbits. 166 43

The biotransformation and plasma inorganic fluoride ion production of sevoflurane (the new volatile anesthetic) during and after surgical anesthesia was studied in 50 ASA I or II surgical patients. Twenty-five additional patients served as controls by receiving isoflurane. Sevoflurane or isoflurane was administered with a semiclosed (total gas flow, 2 L/min O2) circle absorption system for durations of 1.0 to greater than 7.0 minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) hours for surgical anesthesia (sevoflurane MAC, 2.05%; isoflurane MAC, 1.15%). Preoperative and postoperative blood urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations were determined. Blood samples were obtained during and after anesthesia in both groups for determining anesthetic blood concentration analysis and plasma fluoride level. Plasma fluoride concentrations did not significantly increase during isoflurane anesthesia. Sevoflurane biotransformation produced a mean peak plasma inorganic fluoride concentration of 29.3 +/- 1.8 mumol/L, 2 h after anesthesia, which decreased to 18 mumol/L concentration by 8 h after anesthesia. The peak plasma inorganic fluoride ion concentration correlated with duration of sevoflurane anesthetic exposure. Five patients given sevoflurane had peak levels transiently exceeding 50 mumol/L, and one of these had a history of ingesting drugs potentially producing hepatic enzyme induction. No increases in postoperative levels of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, direct bilirubin, or hepatic transaminase and no changes in serum electrolyte level occurred in either anesthetic group. Indirect bilirubin concentration increased significantly after sevoflurane anesthesia, but the increase was not of clinical significance (from 0.30 +/- 0.03 to 0.38 +/- 0.06 mg/dL). Indirect bilirubin concentrations did not increase after isoflurane anesthesia; the concentrations reached 0.31 +/- 0.04 mg/dL and did not differ significantly from those found with sevoflurane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Plasma inorganic fluoride with sevoflurane anesthesia: correlation with indices of hepatic and renal function. 173 42

We have studied the oxygenation process in a series of 20 patients who underwent thoracic surgery and were ventilated through a single lung. There were 19 men and one woman with a mean age (+/- SD) of 63 +/- 10.5 years, a mean height of 166 +/- 37.9 cm and a mean weight of 67 +/- 14.1 kg. Premedication and anesthesia were comparable among all patients. Endotracheal intubation was performed with a double lumen Robersthaw cannula. After anesthetic induction the radial and pulmonary arteries were catheterized to obtain samples for gasometric investigation in arterial and venous mixed blood before and after exclusion of one lung with continuous positive pressure (CPAP). Gasometric analysis was also performed during the immediate postoperative period. All patients were ventilated with 100% oxygen concentration 20 min before blood sampling in order to remove the alveolar nitrogen. During single lung ventilation and during application of CPAP (5 cm H20) to the upright sided lung we observed a 50% increase in arterial p02 (Pa02) (p less than 0.001) without any change in mean alveolar p02 (PA02). There was also a 17% decrease in alveolo-arterial oxygen difference (D[A-a]02) (p less than 0.001) and a 16.6% reduction in the intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt) (p less than 0.001). Improvement of oxygenation was attributed to a beneficial effect of CPAP applied to the upright sided lung while intermittent positive pressure was maintained in the recumbent lung.
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PMID:[Application of continuous positive pressure to the uppermost lung in patients ventilated through a single lung]. 177 Dec 82

The present study was undertaken to assess the role of hepatic glycogen metabolism in fetal and maternal glucose homeostasis during a prolonged fast in the pregnant ewe. A control fed group of 13 ewes and 16 fetuses were compared to a 5-day-fasted group of 13 ewes and 17 fetuses, studied at 125 days gestation (term = 147 days). Tissue samples were obtained during pentobarbital anesthesia and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Protein, glycogen, active phosphorylase and total phosphorylase activity were determined. Fetal weight (3.61 vs. 2.86 kg) was decreased in the fasted group (p less than 0.001) while fetal hepatic glycogen was unchanged (59.8 vs. 52.4 mg/g tissue). Maternal liver glycogen decreased during fasting (38.2 vs. 4.0 mg/g tissue, p less than 0.001). Fetal active phosphorylase and total phosphorylase did not change between fed and fasted states (fed active phosphorylase 398 vs. fasted 441 and fed total phosphorylase 510 vs. fasted 574 mumol/h/g tissue). The maternal active phosphorylase and total phosphorylase decreased between fed and fasted (active phosphorylase 690 vs. 238 and total phosphorylase 981 vs. 599 mumol/h/g tissue, p less than 0.001). During fasting, the pregnant ewe depletes her hepatic glycogen stores, associated with a reduction in glycogen catabolizing enzyme activity. The fetus maintains a relatively large glycogen catabolizing enzyme activity, a relatively large glycogen reserve and substantial phosphorylase activity.
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PMID:Ovine fetal and maternal glycogen during fasting. 179 25

Controversies exist over the influence of inhalation anaesthesia on blood flow regulation in response to local alveolar hypoxia. This study investigates the blood flow diversion from a hypoxic to an oxygenated lung in anaesthetized and ventilated animals in comparison to unanaesthetized animals. Chronically instrumented adult ewes (n = 14, 32-45 kg) were intubated one week after surgery with a modified Carlen's tube, allowing separate ventilation of the left and right lung. In the awake state (n = 7) or after one hour of constant anaesthetic conditions (n = 7, halothane 1.6% and 2.4%), cardiac output (thermodilution) and left pulmonary blood flow (ultrasonic transit time) were evaluated. Then, under identical ventilatory conditions, the left or right lung, alternately, was rendered hypoxic for 10 min by ventilation with nitrogen. The contralateral lung was ventilated with oxygen. After 10 min, haemodynamics were again recorded. The changes in left pulmonary blood flow under unilateral lung hypoxia were similar either in the awake or the anaesthetized state. Thus, we conclude that, under these experimental conditions, halothane anaesthesia and mechanical ventilation have no influence on blood flow regulation under unilateral lung hypoxia.
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PMID:[The effect of halothane anesthesia on pulmonary circulation regulation during unilateral hypoxic ventilation]. 187 18

Starting total parenteral nutrition (TPN) the day after acute surgical stress has beneficial effects on body weight, nitrogen balance, and colonic anastomosis bursting pressure in normally nourished rats. In view of the reported favorable utilization of high-concentration branch-chain amino acids (BCAA) following severe stress, we compared enteral (TEN) to parenteral (TPN) nutrient infusions containing increased BCAA starting the day of operation. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats, in two groups paired by weight under IP pentobarbital anesthesia underwent jugular vein catheter (CVP) insertion, laparotomy, gastrostomy, colon anastomosis, dorsal skin incision and SC polyvinyl alcohol sponge insertion. The rats were maintained for 6 days with continuous IV infusion in the TPN group (gastrostomy plugged) and continuous gastric infusion for the TEN group (CVP plugged). Urine and feces were collected daily. The infusions contained 1000 to 1002 Kcal, 847 to 845 nonprotein Kcal, 38 to 39 g of amino acids, 206 to 209 g of carbohydrates, and 2.8 to 2.9 g of rat per liter in the TEN and TPN, respectively, with identical ratios of dietary essential amino acids to nonessential amino acids (52/48), and 28.34% BCAA in the TPN and 33.10% BCAA in the TEN. There were 491 mg/100 mL of glutamine in the TEN and 170 mg of glutamic acid in the TPN. Amino acids were infused at 8.59 g/kg per day for TEN and 8.34 g/kg per day for TPN. The vitamins, minerals, and trace minerals were essentially the same in the TEN and TPN except for the absence of iron, iodine, selenium, and molybdenum in the TPN.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Infusion of enteral vs parenteral nutrients using high-concentration branch-chain amino acids: effect on wound healing in the postoperative rat. 191 Jan 12

The authors report their personal experience of the treatment of condylomas in both male and female patients using cryosurgery. The temperature of -80 degrees C which can be obtained using hyperdry nitrogen monoxide equipment allow radical treatment to be performed without pain in an outpatient setting without general or loco-regional anesthesia. The characteristics of this treatment allow patients to be regularly monitored, thus eliminating all signs of recidivation of those lesions which were too small to be seen at the start of treatment. The patient is considered cured after an interval of approximately 30-40 days after the disappearance of all condylomas.
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PMID:[Cryosurgery in the treatment of condylomatosis]. 194 77


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