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Query: UMLS:C0278134 (anesthesia)
 110,339 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Halothane, methoxyflurane, and enflurane produce dose-dependent depression in ventricular function in the dog. Myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption are decreased accordingly without evidence of myocardial tissue hypoxia. Low-dose fluoxene does not depress the heart, while there is less depression with high-dose fluroxene than with the other anesthetics. In spite of this depression, myocardial blood flow was unchanged, and the decreased oxygen consumption during high-dose fluroxene was a result of decreased oxygen extraction by the heart. Sympathetic nervous system stimulation produced by fluroxene anesthesia is probably responsible for these effects, but further work is necessary for confirmation of this hypothesis.
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PMID:Dose-dependent depression of cardiac function and metabolism by inhalation anesthetics in chronically instrumented dogs. 2 4

Plasma renin activity (rate of angiotensin I generation) does not increase during anesthesia with ketamine, fluroxene, halothane or enflurane in the sodium-repleted rat. However, blood pressure decreases when an angiotensin II antagonist, saralasin, is administered during halothane or enflurane anesthesia, but not during ketamine or fluroxene anesthesia. Differences in the rates of conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II induced by various anesthetic agents could help explain these previous findings. To determine the effects of anesthetic agents on angiotensin I conversion, experiments were performed in vitro and in vivo. The activities of rabbit pulmonary converting enzyme in the presence and absence of halothane or fluroxene were measured as rates of appearance of the dipeptide, histidyl-leucine, a product of angiotensin I hydrolysis to angiotensin II. Halothane and fluroxene did not alter conversion. Infusions of angiotensin I and angiotensin II were given to Wistar rats to construct dose-blood pressure response curves. The animals were then anesthetized with ketamine or halothane and infusions were repeated. Angiotensin I and angiotensin II induced similar blood pressure responses in awake and anesthetized rats. However, ketamine accentuated the pressor responses to angiotensin I and angiotensin II, whereas halothane depressed the responses. With the anesthetic agents studied, there is no significant effect on conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II either in vitro or in vivo.
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PMID:Converting-enzyme activity and pressor responses to angiotensin I and II in the rat awake and during anesthesia. 3 43

Halothane and nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations were measured in operating theatres, in the areas corresponding to theinhalation zones of the anaesthetists and operating nurses. The measurements were performed in an operating theatre with a non-recirculating air exchange rate of 20/h. This was performed partly in model experiments and partly during the administration of anaesthesia by intubation. In the model experiments. the measurements were taken both with and without a specially constructed scavenging system. During anaesthesia, the measurements were taken exclusively with the scavenging system, although well-defined leakages were fitted into the otherwise gas-tight anaesthetic system. The results were supplemented by smoke experiments which showed the air distribution patterns. The investigation showed that the gases were concentrated over and around the operating table. Activities during surgery diluted this concentration. Furthermore, it was shown that leakage in the anaesthetic system significantly influences the achieving of a low gas-air mixture. Halothane concentrations in the inhalation zone of the anaesthetist and operating nurse can be reduced to 0.02 and 0.01 p.p.m. respectively, if the anaesthetic system is completely gas-tight.
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PMID:Concentration elimination of anaesthetic gases in operating theratres. Influence of anaesthesia apparatus leakages. 7 9

Effects of repetitive stimulation of the contralateral caudate nucleus on the static discharge and dynamic sensitivity of soleus muscle spindle primary and secondary endings were studied in cats anaesthetized with Halothane (Fluothane). By progressive increasing the depth of anaesthesia two different fusimotor effects could be observed. 1. A static facilitatory effect; under light anaesthesia the static discharge of primary and secondary endings were strongly increased. The response of the primary endings to phasic stretch of the muscle was generaly decreased. 2. A depressant effect; under deep anaesthesia the static discharge of primary and secondary endings were decreased. The dynamic sensitivity of the primary endings was lightly increased or remained unaltered. The ventro-lateral part of the caudate nucleus is mainly responsible for these effects; Caudate nucleus fusimotor effects were compared with those induced by gamma dynamic and gamma static fibers stimulations.
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PMID:[Effects of caudate nucleus stimulations on the primary and secondary endings activity of soleus muscle spindle]. 12 60

The treatment is presented, applied in a case of severe angiocholitis complicated by acute renal failure, known in the literature under the name of uremigenic angiocholitis. After three emergency hospitalizations, two interventions consisting in surgical drainage, de-shocking procedures, treatment of the hepato-renal failure and applications of wide-range antibiotics for the treatment of infection the angiocholitic phenomena disappeared and the hepato-renal failure is on the way to recovery. At this moment of the evolution the patient developed atrial fibrillation that was improved by Narcotan anesthesia. The efficiency is remarked of the treatment with large amounts of Furosemid in the anuric period, as a means to avoid extra-renal depuration.
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PMID:[Uremigenic cholangitis]. 12 29

Totally closed circuit anaesthesia has been used with nitrous oxide/oxygen gas mixtures, supplemented by halothane for spontaneous breathing, or by opiates for artificial ventilation. Oxygen expenditure averaged 227 ml/min, while nitrous oxide expenditure declined exponentially from an initial value of 462 ml/min to 110 ml/min after 2 hr. These flow rated included gas sampled for analysis. Inspired oxygen concentration was maintained at 30 per cent by monitoring with a paramagnetic analyser. Halothane expenditure average 3.5 ml (liquid) per hr. Halothane concentrations in the operating theatre atmosphere did not increase above 0.03 p.p.m.
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PMID:Totally closed circuit nitrous oxide/oxygen anaesthesia. 16 49

The effect of premedication and three general anaesthetics on gastric content pH was investigated. Neither premedication with pentobarbital-atropine nor morphine-scopolamine given 1-2 h prior to anaesthesia appeared to affect the acidity of the gastric contents. Halothane invaribly increased the pH of the gastric contents; none of the seven patients studied had a gastric pH of less than 2.5 (mean 5.1) after 1 h of anesthesia. Cyclopropane uniformly maintained the acidity of the gastric contents; only one out of seven patients had a gastric content pH above 2.5 (mean 1.7) after 1 h of anaesthesia. This effect of cyclopropane in maintaining the pH of gastric contents was unaffected by the use of premedication and induction with thiopental. Fluorexene affected the pH of the gastric contents much less uniformly. Although the pH for the group as a whole gradually increased (after one hour from 1.7 plus or minus 0.2 (s.e. mean) to 3.1 plus or minus 0.7), some of the seven patients studied reacted to fluroxene with a constant low gastric content pH. The findings are discussed, and it is concluded that the risk of pulmonary complications in case of vomiting and aspiration upon emergence from anaesthesia is greater if the anaesthetic agent is cyclopropane or fluoroxene, than if it is halothane.
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PMID:Effects of general anaesthetics on the pH of gastric contents in man during surgery: a survey of halothane, fluoroxene and cyclopropane anesthesia. 23 92

1. The effects of halothane (CF3CHBrCl), a volatile anaesthetic agent, on electron transfer in isolated rat liver microsomal preparations were examined. 2. At halothane concentrations achieved in tissues during clinical anaesthesia (1-2mM), halothane shifts the redox equilibrium of microsomal cytochrome b5 in the presence of NADPH towards the oxidized form. Halothane accelerates stoicheiometric consumption of NADPH and O2, increases the rate of reoxidation of NADH-reduced microsomal ferrocytochrom b5, but does not affect NADPH- or NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity. The enhanced microsomal electron flow seen in the presence of halothane is not diminished by CO nor is it increased by pretreatment of the animals with phenobarbital. 3. The effects of halothane are maximum in microsomal preparations isolated from animals fed on a high-carbohydrate diet to induce stearate desaturase activity. Changes in microsomal electron transfer caused by halothane are in all cases abolished by low concentrations (1-2mM) of cyanide. Microsomal stearate desaturase activity is unaffected by halothane. 4. The first-order rate constant for oxidation of membrane-bound ferrocytochrome b5 in the absence of added substrate (k1 equals 1.5 times 10(-3)A-1) is similar to that for autoxidation of purified ferrocytochrome b5(k1 equals 7 times 10(-3)S-1) the rate of autoxidation of soluble ferrocytochrome b5 is unaffected by halothane. 5. It is concluded that the effects of halothane on microsomal electron transfer are not related to cytochrome P-450 linked metabolism but rather arise from the interaction of halothane with the cyanide-sensitive factor of the stearate desaturase pathway.
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PMID:The effects of halothane on hepatic microsomal electron transfer. 23 6

Halothane-nitrous oxide-oxygen (GOF), nitrous oxide-oxygen with diallyl-nor-toxiferine (Jackson-Rees method), or nitrous oxide-oxygen with droperidol-pentazocine (modified NLA) were administered in 190 instances of repair of cleft lips and cleft palates. Epinephrine, 1:30,000, 1:100,000, or 1:300,000, was injected as the vasoconstrictor around the operative field. Epinephrine concentration of 1:100,000 provided sufficient hemostasis, whereas 1:300,000 was insufficient. With the same concentration of epinephrine, GOF and modified NLA seemed to be better than the Jackson-Rees method, since the GOF and modified NLA groups showed less increase of pulse rate, blood pressure, and plethysmographic changes. A 1:30,000 concentration of epinephrine could be used safely with the Jackson-Rees method and the hemostasis with this concentration was superior to 1:100,000. However, it is recommended only for the cleft lip operation, since these patients are younger and need better hemostasis, and hypersalivation after reversal does not disturb the postoperative course. So-called epinephrine-induced arrhythmia with halothane anesthesia occurred in 1 of 34 instances with 1:300,000 solution and in 5 of 48 instances with 1:100,000 solution. Propranolol was given in only one instance. All others returned to normal rhythm with hyperventilation with pure oxygen. The use of 1:100,000 solution of epinephrine as an adjunct with modified NLA is the most satisfactory and safe method for cleft palate operations, and 1:30,000 with the Jackson-Rees is the better method for cleft lip repairs.
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PMID:Hemodynamic effects of locally applied epinephrine used with various general anesthetic techniques. 26 51

Changes in heart rate and arterial pressure caused by enflurane and halothane anaesthesia were investigated in patients premedicated with diazepam and scopolamine. Enflurane caused a significant (12%) increase in heart rate and depression of arterial pressure (23%). Halothane depressed heart rate significantly (14%), whereas arterial pressure was unaffected. The authors conclude that enflurane possesses a positive chronotropic effect.
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PMID:Heart rate changes caused by enflurane and halothane anaesthesia in man. 27 56


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