Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0278134 (anesthesia)
 110,339 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the progress of cancer major disturbances in protein and glutamine metabolism have been observed. Muscle is the major protein pool and glutamine source in the body. The aim of this study was to investigate whether changes in whole-body protein and glutamine turnover, induced by cancer, are matched by similar changes in regional muscle metabolism. A MCA sarcoma was implanted subcutaneously in female Lewis rats. Rats were studied bearing small (5-15% of body weight) or large (15-30% of body weight) tumor loads and compared with sham-implanted free-fed and pair-fed controls. Body composition was determined by the distribution of an ip bolus of 3H2O. With the rat under anesthesia a primed constant infusion of L-[2,6-3H]phenylalanine and L-[3,4-3H]glutamine was given, and at steady state, whole-body, hindquarter-muscle, and tumor protein and glutamine turnover were calculated using compartment modeling. Anorexia was not observed in tumor-bearing rats. A small decrease in host carcass weight was observed in large-tumor-bearing rats by decreased fat mass. Whole-body protein turnover increased from 115 +/- 14 (nmole x 100 g body weight-1 x min-1) in free-fed controls rats to 239 +/- 29 in the large-tumor-bearing rats. Net tumor protein synthesis accounted for 28 +/- 1 and 49 +/- 1 nmole x 100 g body weight-1 x min-1. Muscle protein breakdown increased in the small-tumor-bearing group and decreased to control values in the large-tumor-bearing rats. Whole-body glutamine turnover remained unchanged in the small-tumor-bearing animals (2481 +/- 248 and 1996 +/- 268 nmole x 100 g body weight-1 x min-1 in control and small-tumor-bearing rats, respectively) and increased by 25% in the large-tumor-bearing animals. In contrast, muscle glutamine turnover more than doubled in the small-tumor-bearing group but returned to control values in the large-tumor-bearing animals. The current study show that in the presence of a small tumor whole-body protein turnover increased and that this was in part related to protein turnover of the tumor. Muscle protein breakdown increased in these rats with a concomitant increase in glutamine production from the hindquarter. In animals bearing larger tumors whole-body glutamine turnover increased. This increase, however, was only for a small part caused by tumor metabolism. Muscle glutamine turnover even decreased. Therefore, the increase in whole-body glutamine turnover appears to be caused by increased turnover in visceral organs.
 ...
PMID:Increased whole-body protein and glutamine turnover in advanced cancer is not matched by an increased muscle protein and glutamine turnover. 912 94

Male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were administered daily doses of the antimalarial drug arteether. The 14-day treated group received either 24 mg/kg/day, 16 mg/kg/day, or 8 mg/kg/day. The seven-day treatment group received either 24 mg/kg/day or 8 mg/kg/day. All control cases in each group received the sesame oil vehicle alone. Neurologic signs were absent for animals in the seven and 14-day treatment groups except for one monkey which showed diffuse piloerection on day 14, and another monkey receiving 24 mg/kg/day for seven days showed mild lethargy after the fourth day. Mild, sporadic anorexia was noted in all animals by day 14, and a single animal showed diffuse piloerection on day 14. Surgical anesthesia preceded killing by exsanguination and was accompanied by perfusion fixation of the central nervous system. Brain sections were cut and then stained for study by light microscopy. Evidence of neuronal pathology, both descriptive and numerical, was collected. The neuroanatomic and neuropathologic findings demonstrated that arteether produced extensive brainstem injury when administered for 14 days. The magnitude of brainstem neurotoxicity was dose-dependent, where injury was greatest at the 24 mg/kg/day dose level, less at the 16 mg/kg/day dose level, and least at the 8 mg/kg/day dose level. Arteether induced multiple systems injury to brainstem nuclei of 1) the reticular formation (cranial and caudal pontine nuclei, and medullary gigantocellular and paragigantocellular nuclei); 2) the vestibular system (medial, descending, superior, and lateral nuclei); and 3) the auditory system (superior olivary nuclear complex and trapezoid nuclear complex). The vestibular nuclei and the reticular formation were most severely injured, with the auditory system affected less. The cranial nerve nuclei (somatic and splanchnic) appeared to escape damage, with the exception of the abducens nerve nucleus. The same brainstem nuclear groups of seven-day treated monkeys appeared normal. The statistical data are concordant with the descriptive data in demonstrating neurotoxic effects. In summary, no neurologic deficits were detected in any of the vehicle control monkeys (14-day and seven-day cases). Monkeys in the 14-day treatment group were free of clinical neurologic signs throughout the first week. At day 14, fine horizontal nystagmus was seen in one monkey, and another monkey exhibited diffuse piloerection. Monkeys in the seven-day treatment group were free of clinical neurologic signs except for one case. This monkey was treated with 24/mg/kg/day of arteether and exhibited lethargy after the fourth day. These indications of dysfunction arose too late to be practical indicators of neurotoxicity.
 ...
PMID:Arteether: risks of two-week administration in Macaca mulatta. 915 46

In the llama, signs of colic are obscure and may be exhibited as persistent sternal recumbency and anorexia even in the presence of a surgical lesion. Diagnostic methods for evaluation of abdominal disorders are limited. As a result, surgical intervention may be prolonged and increase the risk of mortality and postoperative complications. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of computed tomography to evaluate the llama intestinal tract. Eighteen hours prior to the computed tomography scan, six llamas were given barium sulfate (15%) via an orogastric tube. Following induction of general anesthesia, the llamas were positioned in sternal recumbency, and 10 mm contiguous slices were obtained from the diaphragm to the tuber ischiadicum. Structures that were consistently identified included the first, second, and third compartments (C1, 2, and 3), small intestine, spiral colon, and ascending colon. C1 was easily identified in the cranial aspect of the abdomen due to its large size relative to the other compartments and characteristic saccules. C2 was located cranial, ventral, and to the right of C1, while C3 was visualized as a tubular structure to the right and ventral to C1 and C2, C3 was traced caudally until it turned dorsally and continued cranially to a dilated ampulla in the right cranial abdomen delineating the entrance to the small intestine. The spiral colon was identified consistently in the left ventral caudal abdomen. Structures that could not be conclusively identified included the cecum and mesenteric lymph nodes. Computed tomography allowed a consistent evaluation of the major intestinal structures associated with colic in the llama. Thus, computed tomography is a potentially valuable noninvasive diagnostic tool to effectively evaluate the abdominal cavity and differentiate medical from surgical lesions in the llama.
 ...
PMID:Use of computed tomography to evaluate the intestinal tract of adult llamas. 954 38

During sepsis, catabolism of proteins and associated changes in plasma amino acids occur. Tryptophan and tyrosine, and their derivatives serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA), influence hypothalamic feeding-related areas and are associated with the onset of anorexia. We hypothesized that anorexia of sepsis is associated with changes in serotonin and dopamine in the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) of the hypothalamus. The aim of this study was to test our hypothesis by measuring intra-VMN changes of these two neurotransmitters at the onset of anorexia during sepsis. Fischer 344 male rats had an intracerebral guide cannula stereotaxically implanted into the VMN. Ten days later, in awake, overnight-food-deprived rats, a microdialysis probe was inserted through the in situ VMN cannula. Two hours thereafter, serial baseline serotonin and dopamine concentrations were measured. Then cecal ligation and puncture to induce sepsis or a control laparotomy was performed under isoflurane anesthesia. VMN microdialysis samples were serially collected every 30 min for 8 h after the surgical procedure to determine 5-HT and DA changes in response to sepsis. During the hypermetabolic response to sepsis, a strong association occurred between anorexia and a significant reduction of VMN dopamine concentration (P < 0.05; constant rate of dopamine decrease in the Study group of 0.99 pg per 2 h); no changes occurred in 5-HT in association with anorexia of sepsis. Six hours after operation, a single meal was offered for 20 min to assess the response of neurotransmitters to food ingestion. Food intake was minimal in anorectic septic rats (mean size of the after food-deprived meal in the Septic group was 0.03+/-0.01 g, that of the Control group was 1.27+/-0.14 g; P = 0.0001), while Control rats demonstrated anticipated changes in neurotransmitters in response to eating. We conclude that the onset of anorexia in septic rats is associated with a reduction in VMN dopamine.
 ...
PMID:VMN hypothalamic dopamine and serotonin in anorectic septic rats. 1071 77

A 45-year-old woman was referred to our hospital with the chief complaint of left flank pain, left leg pain and loss of appetite. Computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a large cystic mass in the left kidney, which we diagnosed as an infected renal cyst. Under ultrasonic guidance, percutaneous puncture and drainage of the renal cyst were performed. After her leg pain worsened, computed tomography revealed abscesses in the left leg, suggesting an infected renal cyst extending to the leg through the obturator foramen. Under general anesthesia, incision and drainage were performed. Cultures from the cyst and abscess fluid showed Klebsiella pneumoniae. Our case is the 82nd case of an infected renal cyst in the Japanese literature.
 ...
PMID:[A case of infected renal cyst extending to leg abscess]. 1076 99

The immunoglobulin isotype-specific responses in serum and at the respiratory mucosa of pigs after a primary infection with influenza virus were studied. To do this, we developed an aerosol challenge model for influenza in specified pathogen-free (SPF) pigs and isotype-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Ten-week-old pigs were inoculated without anesthesia in the nostrils with an aerosol of the field isolate influenza A/swine/Neth/St. Oedenrode/96 (H3N2). The infection caused acute respiratory disease that closely resembled the disease observed in some outbreaks of influenza among finishing pigs, which were not complicated by bacterial infections. Pigs showed clinical signs characterized by fever, dyspnea, and anorexia. At necropsy on postinfection days 1 and 2, an exudative endobronchitis was observed throughout the lung. Viral antigen was present in the epithelial cells of the bronchi and bronchioli and virus was isolated from bronchioalveolar and nasal lavage fluids and from pharyngeal swabs until 5 days after infection. With the isotype-specific ELISAs, viral nucleoprotein specific immunoglobulin (Ig) M, IgG1, and IgA antibody responses were measured in serum and bronchioalveolar and nasal lavage fluids. To determine whether the antibodies were produced and secreted at the respiratory mucosa or were serum-derived, the specific activity (ie, the ratio of antibody titer to Ig concentration) was calculated for each isotype. The IgA and interestingly also a substantial part of the IgG1 antibody response in pigs upon infection with influenza virus was shown to be a mucosal response. Local production of specific IgA in the nasal mucosa, and of specific IgA and IgG1 in the lung was demonstrated. These results indicate that protective efficacy of vaccination can be improved by an immunization procedure that preferentially stimulates a mucosal immune response. The aerosol challenge model in SPF pigs and the isotype-specific ELISAs that we developed can be useful for evaluating various strategies to improve efficacy of porcine influenza vaccines and to study the immune mechanisms underlying the observed protection.
 ...
PMID:Systemic and mucosal isotype-specific antibody responses in pigs to experimental influenza virus infection. 1089 3

A 2-year-old Himalayan cat was examined because of 4 days of vomiting, lethargy; and anorexia. The cat had undergone hysterectomy and removal of left ovarian remnants 5 days earlier. Results of laboratory testing and excretory urography were consistent with uremia and bilateral ureteral obstruction. Nephrostomy catheters were placed to drain urine and allow time for physiologic diuresis prior to definitive repair. During the next 2 days, the cat's physiologic status improved greatly. The cat underwent exploratory surgery, and both ureters were found to be ligated. The healthy proximal portions of the ureters were implanted into the bladder. Six months after surgery, the cat was doing well, and excretory urography demonstrated that both ureters were patent. Bilateral obstruction of the ureters is a life-threatening condition that can be difficult to correct in cats. Placement of nephrostomy catheters allows time for improvement in the cat's physiologic status prior to the protracted anesthesia time needed for surgical repair of the ureters.
 ...
PMID:Use of bilateral temporary nephrostomy catheters for emergency treatment of bilateral ureter transection in a cat. 1113 93

A 70-year-old man who had undergone a low anterior resection for primary rectal cancer 9 years before complained of anorexia, hemiplegia, and recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. The anorexia was caused by duodenal stenosis due to swollen lymph nodes, the hemiplegia was caused by a metastatic brain tumor, and the recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy was caused by metastases of the cancer to the mediastinal space. Metastases were also found in the bilateral lungs, liver, ureter, and cervical vertebra. In choosing the anesthesia for the gastrojejunostomy to improve the malnutrition of this patient, we decided, on the basis of the patient's full stomach, malnutrition, hypovolemia, hemiplegia, cerebral compression, recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, renal dysfunction, and respiratory dysfunction, to use thoracic epidural anesthesia rather than spinal anesthesia or general anesthesia. Thoracic epidural anesthesia could provide sufficient analgesia, and the operation was uneventful. In anesthetic management of an end-stage patient undergoing a palliative operation like this, we should consider the purpose of the operation, its complications, and further complications which may be induced by anesthesia in order to plan out an anesthetic regimen unlikely to lead to harmful events in perioperative period.
 ...
PMID:[Anesthetic management for gastrojejunostomy in a patient with hemiplegia and recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy]. 1145 80

We recently demonstrated that in a rodent model of obesity (agouti yellow mice), there is a selective leptin resistance with preservation of the sympathetic actions despite loss of appetite and weight-reducing actions of systemic leptin. Here, we examined whether selective leptin resistance exists in agouti mice during central neural administration of leptin. In agouti obese mice and lean controls, we tested the effects of single intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of leptin or vehicle on food intake and body weight in the conscious state and on renal sympathetic nerve activity during anesthesia. Agouti obese mice had higher (P<0.0001) mean arterial pressure (100 +/- 2 mm Hg) than lean controls (90 +/- 2 mm Hg). In lean controls (n=9 to 10), ICV leptin caused a dose-dependent decrease in body weight (P<0.001) and food intake (P<0.001). For example, ICV leptin (3 microg) decreased food intake and body weight, respectively, by 3.3 +/- 0.3 g (P<0.001) and 2.6 +/- 0.3 g (P<0.001) in lean mice. However, in agouti obese mice (n=9 to 10), ICV leptin did not significantly decrease food intake or body weight. ICV leptin caused in RSNA a significant and dose-dependent increase in renal sympathetic nerve activity that was of the same magnitude in the lean and agouti obese mice. The rise in renal sympathetic nerve activity induced by ICV leptin (3 microg) was 274 +/- 67% (P<0.001) in lean controls and 275 +/- 46% (P<0.001) in the agouti obese mice. In summary, this study indicates that selective leptin resistance in agouti obese mice occurs with central neural administration of leptin, suggesting that selective leptin resistance in this model is not due to a defect in leptin transport across the blood brain barrier. It seems to result instead from alterations in the central neural pathways mediating effects of leptin.
 ...
PMID:Selective resistance to central neural administration of leptin in agouti obese mice. 1188 95

Trismus is a firm closing of the jaw due to tonic spasm of the muscles of mastication from disease or the motor branch of the trigeminal nerve. Trismus may be produced by a variety of reasons such as dental abscess, trauma, following mandibular block with local anesthesia, as a result of radiation to the facial muscles, and patients after chemotherapy. A case of a referral of a six-year-old boy to a dentist from an ENT due to severe limitation in jaw opening is presented. Intraoral examination and panoramic radiograph demonstrated no signs of infection and/or other pathology. After a diagnosis of trismus was made, due to his icteric appearance, the general fatigue and loss of appetite in the last few days, palpated and sensitive lymph nodes in the submandibular and cervical regions, the child was referred for a complete blood count and sedimentation rate. The laboratory and clinical findings resulted in the diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Dental and oral manifestations of ALL are discussed, and the trismus may be explained by an intensive infiltration of leukemic cells into the deep portion of the contracting muscles of the face. This case emphasizes the importance of physical examination and independent judgement made by dentists, even when patients are referred to them by other members of the medical communities.
 ...
PMID:Trismus in a 6 year old child: a manifestation of leukemia? 1217 25


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Next >>