Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0278126 (loss of equilibrium)
 140 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. The toxicity of cis- and trans-cypermethrin to rainbow trout was investigated and the concentrations of the two isomers in brain associated with toxic signs (excitability and loss of equilibrium) were determined. cis-Cypermethrin and trans-cypermethrin were equally toxic and showed similar brain levels associated with toxic signs (cis:0.25 micrograms/g, mean (range 0.07-0.53); trans:0.17 micrograms/g (0.07-0.31]. 2. Orally administered cypermethrin was less toxic than predicted, probably due to poor intestinal uptake. Toxicity was due to absorption via the gills of unchanged pyrethroid excreted from the intestine into the water. 3. The metabolism of the radiolabelled insecticides, [14C-cyclopropyl]- and [14C-benzyl]-cis- and trans-cypermethrin has been investigated in vivo and in vitro. 4. The principal route of elimination in vivo was the bile, with 20-28% dose excreted as biliary metabolites in 24 h. No difference in the rates of elimination of the cis and trans isomers was observed. 5. cis-Cypermethrin was metabolized primarily to the glucuronide of 4'-hydroxy-cypermethrin (80% total bile radioactivity), together with dichlorovinyldimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and its glucuronide, 3-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)benzoic acid (4'-hydroxy-3BPA) and its ester and ether glucuronides, 3-phenoxybenzoyl glucuronide and 4'-hydroxy-3BPA sulphate were detected. trans-Cypermethrin was metabolized to the same products, but with only 36% as 4'-hydroxy-cypermethrin glucuronide.
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PMID:The toxicity and metabolism of the pyrethroids cis- and trans-cypermethrin in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. 342 66

Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles were exposed to malathion in water in a 28-d static renewal test. The effects of malathion on survival, growth, development, and loss of equilibrium posture were determined. Survival was significantly decreased at malathion concentrations of 2,500 micrograms/L and higher. Development of tadpoles was delayed significantly by malathion exposure as indicated by a dose-related decrease in developmental stage over time. Development of tadpoles in the 1,000-microgram/L and higher treatment groups was significantly delayed from that observed in the control. The effects of malathion on developmental stage suggest that malathion may decrease thyroid function in tadpoles, as it does in other species. Maintenance of equilibrium posture following agitation of the test containers was significantly impaired in tadpoles in all the malathion treatment groups (500 to 3,000 micrograms/L) relative to the control. Maintenance of equilibrium posture was thus the most sensitive end point measured in this study. Loss of equilibrium posture could increase predation losses and decrease feeding in populations of bullfrog tadpoles in the field. However, concentrations of malathion that produced adverse effects in our study are higher than published, measured concentrations found in wetlands or streams.
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PMID:Effects of malathion on survival, growth, development, and equilibrium posture of bullfrog tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana). 1135 6

We investigated the temperature dependence of some physiological parameters of common eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) from different locations (North Sea, Baltic Sea and Norwegian Sea) on acclimation temperature (3 degrees C and 12 degrees C) and acute temperature variation. The lethal limit of 12 degrees C-acclimated eelpout was determined as the critical thermal maximum [loss of equilibrium (LE) and onset of muscular spasms (OS)] and it was found to be 26.6 degrees C for LE and 28.8 degrees C for OS for all populations. However, these parameters do not have any relevant ecological interpretation. We therefore investigated the effect of gradually increased water temperature on standard metabolic rate (measured as resting oxygen consumption Mo2) and critical oxygen concentration ([O2]c) of eelpouts. Acclimation to low temperature (3 degrees C) resulted in partial compensation of Mo2, paralleled by a decrease of activation energy for Mo2 (from 82 kJ mol(-1) at 12 degrees C to about 50 kJ mol(-1) at 3 degrees C) in North Sea and Baltic Sea eelpouts. At the same time, Norwegian eelpout showed no acclimation of oxygen demand to warm temperature (12 degrees C) at all. The scope for eelpout aerobic metabolism shrank considerably with increased acclimation temperature, as [O2]c approached water oxygen concentrations. At 22.5+/-1 degrees C the [O2]c reached air saturation, which is equivalent to the upper critical temperature (TcII) and at this temperature the aerobic scope for the metabolism completely disappeared. In line with previous insight, the comparative analysis of the temperature dependence of Mo2 of Z. viviparus from different populations suggests that a pejus (sub-critical) temperature for this species is about 13-15 degrees C. In conclusion, the capacity to adjust aerobic metabolism relates to thermal tolerance and the bio-geographical distribution of the species. Global warming would thus be likely to cause a shift in the distribution of this species to the North.
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PMID:Thermal physiology of the common eelpout (Zoarces viviparus). 1277 71

Static bioassays were made to determine acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos-methyl, a wide spectrum organophosphorus insecticide and potential toxic pollutant of aquatic ecosystem, Guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata). Bioassays were made at a regulated temperature of 22+/-1 degrees C and were repeated three times. Lethal doses of the insecticides were determined using LC50 software programme of U.S. EPA based on Finney's Probit Analysis statistical method. The 96 h LC50 value and 95% confidence limit of chlorpyrifos-methyl for Guppy was estimated as 1.79 (1.47-2.10) mg/l. The fish exposed to chlorpyrifos-methyl exhibited behavioral changes in the form of neurotoxin toxicity: less general activity than control group, loss of equilibrium, erratic swimming and staying motionless at a certain location generally at mid-water level for prolonged periods. The 1 mg/l (lowest) concentration had similar behavior (NOEC) with the control group.
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PMID:Investigation of acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos-methyl on guppy Poecilia reticulata. 1591 Sep 7

Petroleum products are known to have greater toxicity to the translucent embryos and larvae of aquatic organisms in the presence of ultraviolet radiation (UV) compared to toxicity determined in tests performed under standard laboratory lighting with minimal UV. This study assessed the acute phototoxicity of the water accommodated fractions of weathered Alaska North Slope crude oil (ANS) to juvenile pink salmon, which are a heavily pigmented life stage. Fish in the highest ANS treatments exhibited melanosis, less mobility, reduced startle response, erratic swimming, and loss of equilibrium. Gills from fish exposed to ANS had elevated levels of hydroperoxides in oil-only, UV-only, and oil+UV treatments compared to control fish, which was indicative of increased lipid peroxidation in gill tissue. Under the test conditions of moderate salinity, low UV and high short-term oil exposure there were no indications of photoenhanced toxicity as assessed by elevation of mortality, behavioral impairment, or gill lipid peroxidation in oil+UV treatments. The results of this study suggest that pink salmon may be at less risk from photoenhanced toxicity compared to the translucent early-life stages of several other Alaska species.
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PMID:Assessment of the phototoxicity of weathered Alaska North Slope crude oil to juvenile pink salmon. 1591 Sep 9

Some 2000 species of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) occur globally in aquatic habitats. They are able to survive under a wide range of environmental conditions and some produce potent toxins. Toxin production is correlated with periods of rapid growth (blooms) and 25%-70% of blooms may be toxic. Anatoxin-a is an alkaloid neurotoxin that acts as a potent neuro-muscular blocking agent at the nicotinic receptor. Acute toxicity, following consumption of contaminated water, is characterized by rapid onset of paralysis, tremors, convulsions and death. Human exposures may occur from recreational water activities and dietary supplements, but are primarily through drinking water. The current studies were conducted to examine the effect of in utero exposure on postnatal viability, growth and neurodevelopment, to evaluate the potential of in vitro embryotoxicity, and to explore the synergistic relationship between anatoxin-a and the algal toxin microcystin-LR by the oral route. The results of preliminary studies on amphibian toxicity are also reported. Time-pregnant mice received 125 or 200 microg kg(-1) anatoxin-a by intraperitoneal injection on gestation days (GD) 8-12 or 13-17. Pup viability and weight were monitored over a 6-day period. Maternal toxicity (decreased motor activity) was observed at 200 microg kg(-1) in both treatment periods. There were no significant treatment-related effects on pup viability or weight on postnatal day (PND) 1 or 6. The GD 13-17 pups were evaluated on PND 6, 12 and 20 for standard markers of neurodevelopmental maturation (righting reflex, negative geotaxis and hanging grip time). No significant postnatal neurotoxicity was observed. In vitro developmental toxicity was evaluated in GD 8 mouse embryos exposed to 0.1-25 microm anatoxin-a for 26-28 h. Perturbations in mouse yolk sac vasculature were noted from the 1.0 microm concentration in the absence of significant embryonic dysmorphology. Potential algal toxin synergism was tested in mice receiving either 0, 500 or 1,000 microg kg(-1) microcystin-LR by gavage and approximately 50 min later receiving either 0, 500, 1,000 or 2,500 microg kg(-1) anatoxin-a by the same route. No deaths occurred at any dose and no definitive signs of intoxication were observed. Stages 17 and 25 toad embryos (Bufo arenarum) were exposed to 0.03-30.0 mg l(-1) of anatoxin-a for 10 days. Adverse effects included a dose-dependent transient narcosis, edema and loss of equilibrium. Most notable was the occurrence of 100% mortality at the high dose in both groups 6-13 days post-exposure. The observed delay between initial exposure and death is highly unusual for anatoxin-a.
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PMID:Potential developmental toxicity of anatoxin-a, a cyanobacterial toxin. 1612 66

Pipeline crossing construction alters river and stream channels, hence may have detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems. This review examines the effects of crossing construction on fish and fish habitat in rivers and streams, and recommends an approach to monitoring and assessment of impacts associated with these activities. Pipeline crossing construction is shown to not only compromise the integrity of the physical and chemical nature of fish habitat, but also to affect biological habitat (e.g., benthic invertebrates and invertebrate drift), and fish behavior and physiology. Indicators of effect include: water quality (total suspended solids TSS), physical habitat (substrate particle size, channel morphology), benthic invertebrate community structure and drift (abundance, species composition, diversity, standing crop), and fish behavior and physiology (hierarchy, feeding, respiration rate, loss of equilibrium, blood hematocrit and leukocrit levels, heart rate and stroke volume). The Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) approach, which is often applied in Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM), is recommended as a basis for impact assessment, as is consideration of site-specific sensitivities, assessment of significance, and cumulative effects.
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PMID:Review of the effects of in-stream pipeline crossing construction on aquatic ecosystems and examination of Canadian methodologies for impact assessment. 1767 36

The present study has been carried out to know the effect of temperature on behaviour, equilibrium loss and tolerance limit of the post larvae of shrimp Penaeus indicus. The experimental temperatures were selected based on the thermal tolerance limit. The experiments were conducted at a specific temperature for duration of 48 hr. The thermal tolerance experiments were conducted in two ways: in direct exposure and in gradually increasing temperature. The upper and lower lethal temperatures for the post larvae of shrimp P. indicus were 43.5 degrees C and 8 degrees C respectively. During tolerance experiment, no mortality was observed at 33 degrees C and 35 degrees C. But at 38 degrees C with gradual increase in temperature, 30% loss of equilibrium and mortality were recorded in 24.31 hrs and 25.07 hrs, and the remaining 70% were alive. On the contrary, when the post larvae of shrimps were directly exposed to 38 degrees C, almost 80% loss of equilibrium and mortality were recorded in 30.22 hrs and 30.40 hrs, remaining 20% were alive. At 40 degrees C with gradual increase in temperature, 100% loss of equilibrium and mortality were recorded in 25.32 hrs and 25.56 hrs. On the other hand, when the post larvae of shrimps were directly exposed to 40 degrees C, 100% loss of equilibrium was observed in 0.37 hrs and mortality in 1.40 hrs. These behavioral responses include an elevated temperature of 12 degrees C, surfacing, dashing against glass wall, jumping out of the water, etc. In general, the rate of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion was found to enhance with increasing temperature. In the present study, it was found that gradual increase in temperature favours the shellfish population to escape from the thermal exposure as compared to direct exposure.
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PMID:Temperature effect on behaviour, oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion and tolerance limit of the post larvae of shrimp Penaeus indicus. 1919 24

The present study has been carried out to determine the effect of temperature on behaviour, oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion and tolerance limit of the fish fingerlings of Alepes djidaba, which were collected at Kalpakkam. The fish fingerlings were placed at different temperatures, based on the thermal tolerance limit of fish and thermal outfall of the Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS). The thermal tolerance experiments were conducted in two ways: in direct exposure and in gradually increasing temperature for duration of 48 hr. The upper and lower lethal temperatures for the fish fingerlings of Alepes djidaba were 38.5 degrees C and 14 degrees C respectively. During tolerance experiment, no mortality was observed at 33 degrees C and 35 degrees C. But at 38 degrees C with gradual increase in temperature, 100% loss of equilibrium was observed at 37.7 degrees C in 36 min and mortality was observed at 38 degrees C in 55 min. On the contrary, when the fish fingerlings A. djidaba were directly exposed to 38 degrees C, almost 100% loss of equilibrium and mortality were recorded in 15 min and 31 min respectively. At 40 degrees C with gradual increase in temperature, 100% loss of equilibrium was recorded at 38.5 degrees C in 46 min and mortality was recorded at 39 degrees C in 50 min. On the other hand, when the fish fingerlings of Alepes djidaba were directly exposed to 40 degrees C, 100% mortality occurred immediately within one minute. These behavioral responses include an elevated temperature of deltaT 10 degrees C, surfacing, dashing against glass wall, jumping out of the water, etc. In general, the rate of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion was found to enhance with increasing temperature. The oxygen consumption was found to increase from 0.97 mg O2/g/hr at 30 degrees C to 2.2 mg O2/g/hr at 35 degrees C. Similarly, the excretion of ammonia also increased from 3.18 microg/g/hr at 30 degrees C to 5.91 microg/g/hr at 35 degrees C. In the present study, it was found that gradual increase in temperature favours the fish population to escape from the thermal exposure as compared to direct exposure, and also the temperature impact due to thermal discharge from MAPS is only minimal (35 degrees C) and no mortality could be caused to the fish population.
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PMID:Temperature effect on behaviour, oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion and tolerance limit of the fish fingerlings of Alepes djidaba. 1955 68

Degradation of alkylphenol ethoxylates to more persistent alkylphenols such as nonylphenol occurs in wastewater treatment plants where nonylphenol is released to aquatic systems. In this study, acute and chronic tests were conducted to determine the toxicity and bioconcentration of nonylphenol to freshwater organisms for use in deriving national water quality criteria. Acute median effect concentrations (EC50s) based on loss of equilibrium, immobility, and lethality for species representing several taxonomic groups ranged from 21 to 596 microg/L. The EC50s were up to a factor of 2 less than median lethal concentrations (LC50s) and decreased with time over the test periods of 24 to 96 h. In chronic tests, early life stages of rainbow trout were 14 times more sensitive to nonylphenol than in acute tests and approximately 20 times more sensitive than Daphnia magna exposed over their complete life cycle. Comparisons of chronic test endpoints showed that 20% effect concentrations (EC20s), determined by regression testing, and chronic values, determined by hypothesis testing, were similar for both the rainbow trout and Daphnia magna. The lowest mean tissue-effect concentrations of nonylphenol appeared to be greater for the fathead minnow than bluegill, and ranged from approximately 130 to 160 microg/g after 96-h exposure and from approximately 20 to 90 microg/g after 28-d exposure. Mean lipid normalized bioconcentration factors (BCFs) associated with no-effect concentrations were approximately 180 and 50 for the fathead minnow and bluegill, respectively. The present test results suggest that long-term exposures to nonylphenol at concentrations found in some surface waters could adversely impact sensitive components of freshwater communities.
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PMID:Comparative toxicity and bioconcentration of nonylphenol in freshwater organisms. 2082 69


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