Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0278126 (loss of equilibrium)
 140 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study investigated the possible effects of a commonly used foliar herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) formulation on medulla spinalis of lebistes. Fish were exposed to 2,4-D (15, 30, 45 mg L(-1)), behavioral changes were monitored. Fish were fixed, histopathological examination was carried out on sections taken from the upper parts of the fish body. Histopathology showed increase in neuronal loss, swelling indicating formation of intracellular edema, vacuolization noticed as the formation of vacuoles within or adjacent to cells, deformation in the Nissl granules, pyknosis and gliosis in medulla spinalis. Behavioral changes were decreased general activity, grouping, shortness in breath, sudden rotations and jumping, loss of equilibrium and colour. In conclusion, this commercial formulation of 2,4-D is considerably neurotoxic to lebistes. Fish constitute the last link in the chain of the feeding cycle in aquatic eco-system, number of studies investigating acute and chronic neurotoxicity of various herbicides in fish should be increased.
 ...
PMID:Effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid formulation on medulla spinalis of Poecilia reticulata: a histopathological study. 1957 90

An acute toxicity (LC50) test using a static renewal bioassay method was conducted to determine the toxicity of sodium cyanide in freshwater exotic carp, Cyprinus carpio exposed for 96 h to different concentrations of sodium cyanide. The acute toxicity value was found to be 1 mg/L; one third of the LC50 (0.33 mg/L) was selected as the sublethal concentration for subacute studies. Behavioral patterns were observed in lethal (1, 2, 3, and 4 d) and sublethal concentrations (1, 5, 10, and 15 d). Cyprinus carpio in toxic media exhibited irregular, erratic, and darting swimming movements, hyperexcitability, loss of equilibrium, and sinking to the bottom, which might be due to inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase activity and decreased blood pH. The combination of cytotoxic hypoxia with lactate acidosis depresses the central nervous system and myocardium, the most sensitive critical sites for anoxia, resulting in respiratory arrest and death. A decrease in oxygen consumption (-28.36 to -78.28%; -14.22 to -47.25%) was observed at both lethal and sublethal concentrations of sodium cyanide respectively. Fish at the sublethal concentration were found under stress, but that was not fatal.
 ...
PMID:Respiratory distress and behavioral changes induced by sodium cyanide in the fresh water TELEOST, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus). 1960 95

A short-term definitive test by static renewal bioassay method was conducted to determine the acute toxicity (LC50) of an organophosphate insecticide, chlorpyrifos on the fish, Cyprinus carpio. Carp fingerlings were exposed to different concentrations (0.120 to 0.200 mg/L) of chlorpyrifos for 96 h. The acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos was found to be 0.160 m g/L. One-seventh (1/7th, 0.0224 mg/L) and one-fourteenth (1/14th, 0.0112 mg/L) of the acute toxicity value were selected as sublethal concentrations for subchronic studies. The fish were exposed to both the sublethal concentrations for 1, 7, and 14 days and allowed to recover in toxicant-free medium for 7 days. Behavioral responses and respiratory rate were studied in experimental periods. Fish in toxic media exhibited irregular, erratic, and darting swimming movements, hyperexcitability, and loss of equilibrium and sinking to the bottom. Caudal bending was the chief morphological alterations during the exposure tenures. The behavioral and morphologic changes might be due to the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The carp were found under stress but mortality was insignificant at both the sublethal concentrations. Considerable variation in respiratory rates (-71.85 to 119.52%; -75.65 to 17.58%) were observed in the 1/7th and 1/14th of lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos respectively. The alteration in respiratory rate is due to respiratory distress, this may be a consequence of impaired oxidative metabolism and elevated physiological response during chlorpyrifos exposure. The impairments in fish respiratory physiology and behavioral responses even under recovery periods may be due to slow release of sequestered chlorpyrifos from storage tissues.
 ...
PMID:Respiratory performance and behavioral responses of the freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus) under sublethal chlorpyrifos exposure. 1966 16

The effects of hydrogen sulphide (H(2)S) and isoeugenol exposure on activity, oxygen consumption (VO(2)), ventilation frequency (Vf) and cytochrome c oxidase activity in a teleost fish are reported. In H(2)S (200 microM Na(2)S) exposed animals VO(2) and Vf decreased significantly (both to 40% of resting) after 30 min, concurrent with a loss of equilibrium and narcosis. Post-flushing, VO(2) increased to resting values, but Vf remained depressed (P<0.05) until 30 min of recovery. Subsequently, equilibrium and mobility were regained accompanied by increases in VO(2) (66%) and Vf (15%) between 60-70 min of recovery. Isoeugenol (0.011 g L(-1)) exposed fish reached stage 4-5 of anaesthesia accompanied by decreases (P<0.05) in VO(2) (64%) and Vf (38%) by 35 min. Post-flushing, VO(2) and Vf recovered to resting values, followed by a rise (P<0.05) in VO(2) (45%) and Vf (25%). Overall, VO(2) in relation to the resting rate was reduced in isoeugenol treated animals. Conversely, VO(2) was increased (P<0.05) relative to the resting rate in H(2)S exposed fish. 20 and 200 microM Na(2)S reduced cytochrome c oxidase activity (P<0.05) in skeletal muscle and gill lamellae by between 69 and 97%, while isoeugenol had no effect in any tissue.
 ...
PMID:Oxygen consumption, ventilation frequency and cytochrome c oxidase activity in blue cod (Parapercis colias) exposed to hydrogen sulphide or isoeugenol. 1972 Jan 58

A short-term definitive test by the static renewal bioassay method was conducted to determine the acute toxicity (LC(50)) of commercial-grade organophosphate insecticide, malathion (50% EC) on the freshwater fish, Labeo rohita. Carp fingerlings were exposed to different concentrations of malathion for 96 hours. The acute toxicity (LC(50)) of malathion was found to be 4.5 microg/L. One tenth (1/10, 0.45 microg/L) of the acute toxicity value was selected as the sublethal concentration for subacute studies. The fish were exposed to sublethal concentration for 1, 5, 10, and 15 days and allowed to recover in toxicant-free medium for 15 days. Behavioral responses and morphological deformities were studied in the experimental tenures. Fish in toxic media exhibited irregular, random, circular swimming movements, hyperexcitability, loss of equilibrium, and sinking to the bottom. Caudal bending was the prime morphological malformation. The behavioral and morphological deformities were due to inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Inhibition of AChE activity results in excess accumulation of acetylcholine in cholinergic synapses, leading to hyperstimulation and cessation of neuronal transmission (i.e., paralysis). The carp were found under stress, but mortality was insignificant at the sublethal concentration tested. Impaired behavioral responses and morphological deformities were observed during recovery. This may be a consequence due to inhibition of brain and muscular AChE by malaoxon, via the biotransformation of sequestered malathion.
 ...
PMID:Behavioral and morphological endpoints: as an early response to sublethal malathion intoxication in the freshwater fish, Labeo rohita. 2030 42

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of anaerobically treated distillery effluent and oxidized effluent on freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio. The untreated distillery effluent (Sample A) was treated with up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor (Sample B) and followed by an oxidizer system (Sample C and D) under optimized conditions. The comparative acute toxicity of Sample A and treated effluents (Sample B, C and D) was studied using Cyprinus carpio (common carp) as a model fish for various exposure times (24 to 96 h) after suitable dilutions. The parameters for toxicity determination included assessment of behavioural response of the fish under study and their mortality study, and histopathological analysis. The behavioural response parameters showed prominent changes as erratic swimming activity, increase in opercular movement, jerk and violent reaction, loss of equilibrium, and aggressiveness in fish when exposed to varying concentrations of distillery effluent. The prominent features of death were respiratory distress, paralysis and loss of equilibrium. The mortality study involved calculation of median lethal toxicity (LC50) using static bioassay method. The histopathological analysis of tissues like gills, intestine and kidney of exposed fish showed varied degrees of damage, which increased with increasing the strength of the distillery effluent. Thus, the present study underscores the effectiveness of the two-step process (anaerobic treatment followed by oxidation) for the treatment of distillery effluent in terms of significantly lesser dilution requirements (about 5-fold lesser as compared to the untreated effluent) before discharging the distillery effluent safely to the ecosystem.
 ...
PMID:Comparative toxicological studies of distillery effluent treatments such as UASB reactor followed by an oxidizer unit using Cyprinus carpio fish. 2039 3

The inhibitory effect of chlorpyrifos on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in different concentrations and exposure periods was investigated in the fish, Cyprinus carpio. Sublethal concentrations 14% (0.0224 mg/l) and 7% (0.0112 mg/l) of the lethal concentration (0.160 mg/l) of chlorpyrifos were used in the present study. Carp were exposed to both toxicant concentrations for 1, 7, and 14 days and were allowed to recover in toxicant-free medium for 7 days after 14 days of exposure. AChE activity was determined spectrophotometrically using acetylthiocholine iodide as substrate in the tissues of brain, gill, liver, and muscle. The present study showed time and concentration dependent inhibition of AChE activity by chlorpyrifos in the tissues of the fish, C. carpio. The highest decrease in AChE activity was recorded in brain followed by muscle, gill, and liver on day 14 in both sublethal concentrations. AChE activity increased during the recovery period, but was still lower than the control group after both sublethal concentrations. Carp in toxic media exhibited erratic and darting swimming movements, hyperexcitability, and loss of equilibrium. These symptoms persisted even after the recovery period and'were due to inhibition of brain AChE activity. Depression of AChE activity suggested decreased cholinergic transmission and consequent accumulation of acetylcholine (ACh). Excess accumulation of ACh led to prolonged excitatory postsynaptic potentials resulting in repeated, uncontrolled firing of neurons and cessation of nerve impulses. This led to behavioural and morphological changes due to impaired neurophysiology of the fish. Greater elimination half-life and biotransformation of sequestered chlorpyrifos in the storage tissues may be attributed to the fact that AChE activity failed to reach control levels even after the recovery period.
 ...
PMID:In vivo inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in functionally different tissues of the freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio, under chlorpyrifos exposure. 2040 96

The present review explores the interactions between sweeteners and enteroendocrine cells, and consequences for glucose absorption and insulin release. A combination of in vitro, in situ, molecular biology and clinical studies has formed the basis of our knowledge about the taste receptor proteins in the glucose-sensing enteroendocrine cells and the secretion of incretins by these cells. Low-energy (intense) sweeteners have been used as tools to define the role of intestinal sweet-taste receptors in glucose absorption. Recent studies using animal and human cell lines and knockout mice have shown that low-energy sweeteners can stimulate intestinal enteroendocrine cells to release glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide. These studies have given rise to major speculations that the ingestion of food and beverages containing low-energy sweeteners may act via these intestinal mechanisms to increase obesity and the metabolic syndrome due to a loss of equilibrium between taste receptor activation, nutrient assimilation and appetite. However, data from numerous publications on the effects of low-energy sweeteners on appetite, insulin and glucose levels, food intake and body weight have shown that there is no consistent evidence that low-energy sweeteners increase appetite or subsequent food intake, cause insulin release or affect blood pressure in normal subjects. Thus, the data from extensive in vivo studies in human subjects show that low-energy sweeteners do not have any of the adverse effects predicted by in vitro, in situ or knockout studies in animals.
 ...
PMID:Sweet-taste receptors, low-energy sweeteners, glucose absorption and insulin release. 2061 74

Excessive fluoride ingestion has been identified as a risk factor for fluorosis and oxidative stress. The oxidative stress results from the loss of equilibrium between oxidative and antioxidative mechanisms that can produce kinase activation, mitochondrial disturbance and DNA fragmentation, resulting in apoptosis. Actually many people are exposed to no-adverted fluoride consumption in acute or chronic way. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of sodium fluoride on first molar germ in relation to its effect on antioxidative enzymes immunoexpression and apoptosis. Thirty first molar germs from 1-day-old Balb/c mice were cultured for 24 h with sodium fluoride (0 mM, 1 mM and 5 mM). Immunoexpression determination of CuZnSod, MnSod, catalase, Bax, Bid, caspase 8, caspase 9, caspase 3 and TUNEL assay were performed. Cellular disorganization in ameloblast and odontoblast-papilla zones was observed. CuZnSod and MnSod immunoexpression decrease in experimental groups. Caspase 8, caspase 3, Bax, Bid increase expression and more TUNEL positive cells in both experimental groups than control, suggest that apoptosis induced by fluoride is related to oxidative stress due to reduction of the enzymatic antioxidant.
 ...
PMID:In vitro effect of sodium fluoride on antioxidative enzymes and apoptosis during murine odontogenesis. 2073 51

Degradation of alkylphenol ethoxylates to more persistent alkylphenols such as nonylphenol occurs in wastewater treatment plants where nonylphenol is released to aquatic systems. In this study, acute and chronic tests were conducted to determine the toxicity and bioconcentration of nonylphenol to freshwater organisms for use in deriving national water quality criteria. Acute median effect concentrations (EC50s) based on loss of equilibrium, immobility, and lethality for species representing several taxonomic groups ranged from 21 to 596 microg/L. The EC50s were up to a factor of 2 less than median lethal concentrations (LC50s) and decreased with time over the test periods of 24 to 96 h. In chronic tests, early life stages of rainbow trout were 14 times more sensitive to nonylphenol than in acute tests and approximately 20 times more sensitive than Daphnia magna exposed over their complete life cycle. Comparisons of chronic test endpoints showed that 20% effect concentrations (EC20s), determined by regression testing, and chronic values, determined by hypothesis testing, were similar for both the rainbow trout and Daphnia magna. The lowest mean tissue-effect concentrations of nonylphenol appeared to be greater for the fathead minnow than bluegill, and ranged from approximately 130 to 160 microg/g after 96-h exposure and from approximately 20 to 90 microg/g after 28-d exposure. Mean lipid normalized bioconcentration factors (BCFs) associated with no-effect concentrations were approximately 180 and 50 for the fathead minnow and bluegill, respectively. The present test results suggest that long-term exposures to nonylphenol at concentrations found in some surface waters could adversely impact sensitive components of freshwater communities.
 ...
PMID:Comparative toxicity and bioconcentration of nonylphenol in freshwater organisms. 2082 69


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>