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Query: UMLS:C0278126 (loss of equilibrium)
 140 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

By measuring the forces applied by each limb supporting the weight of the standing quadruped (cat), before and during elicitation of the placing reaction, it was possible to examine quantitatively and qualitatively the postural events which preceded and accompanied forelimb displacement. The findings are summarized as follows: 1. Postural adjustment consists of a shift from quadrupedal stance to a tripodal stance to permit withdrawal of weight from one forelimb without loss of equilibrium. The animal's weight is not equally distributed between the three supporting limbs but the majority of the weight is supported by the diagonally opposing limb pair. 2. During the isometric phase of the placing reaction, the animal's projected center of gravity moves contralaterally, across the diagonal line between the contralateral forepaw and the ipsilateral hindpaw, and comes to rest within the triangular zone outlined by the three supporting limbs. 3. The diagonal supporting stance is a maneuver of an anticipatory nature which precedes and accompanies the placing reaction. 4. The force changes exhibited by each limb to bring the animal to the stereotyped diagonal supporting stance illustrated that the way to achieve this is consistent within a given animal, but differs from one animal to another. The pattern in the same animal is generally symmetrical when lifting the right or left forepaw. 5. The data from the cat are compared to observations in other quadrupeds and man.
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PMID:The placing reaction in the standing cat: a model for the study of posture and movement. 49 90

100 Wistar rats, belonging to a series of 500 animals, were treated with increasing doses and for increasing periods of time with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. A previous study has shown that tumors begin to appear only after the 19th week. Before this period there are abnormalities of mucin secretion (by the 2nd week), and then there are dysplasic lesions (after the 4th week). The ultrastructure study, done before the 19th week ("pretumor" phase) confirms some previous observations (increase in the zone of mitosis, secretory changes, mutation producing effects). These features are reminiscent of the histochemical characteristics of the human foetal colon. They show an epitheliomesenchymatous disorganisation unrelated to inflammation. There are abnormally early changes in the vasculature, there is loss of the (epithelial) coat, there is dissociation of the basal membrane and abnormal connections between it and the epithelial cells, collagen and fibroblasts; all this represents a disorganisation of the regeneration system of the colon mucosa. This loss of equilibrium between the parenchyma and the mesenchyma may represent a factor favoring excessive and disorganised growth of the mucosa.
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PMID:[Ultrastructure study of the preneoplastic colon (carcinogenesis with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine)]. 75 13

To 22 hard-of-hearing school pupils a 2 sec. tone pip of 1500 Hz was presented at 120 to 130 dB SPL's (equals 113-123 dB ISO) to both (=44) ears. In 32 of the ears (?) the sound stimulus elicited an ENG change and thus a possible disturbance of equilibrium, 2 cases of type A, 3-10 sec. nystagmus; I case of type B, with continuing nystagmus; 3 cases of type C, with strengthening nystagmus; and I case of type D, with direction-changing nystagmus, were found. We conclude that, in perceptive hearing defects, the maximum output of hearing aids should be limited to 120 dB, not only because of the effect on hearing thresholds. but also on the equilibrial sense. Again we recommend that hearing aids should not be used in those surroundings where loss of equilibrium is dangerous.
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PMID:Equilibrial disturbances caused by hearing aids in hard of hearing children. 85 24

A 34-year-old woman died of left-heart failure due to combinated aortic-valve disease three years after manifestation of Cogan's syndrome characterized by sudden inner-ear deafness, loss of equilibrium, interstitial keratitis, and progressive loss of vision during pregnancy. At necropsy there was evidence of recurrent endocarditis of the aortic valves with stenosis and regurgitation, severe angitis of the thoracic aorta with marked secondary sclerosing changes as the cause of the heart failure. Angitis within the optical fasciculus and stato-acoustic nerve was the cause of the vestibular and optical defects. Primary changes in the visual and auditory cortices, the retina and inner ear were excluded as causes. There was also acute membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis, which may have been coincidental.
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PMID:[Cogan's syndrome with angitis of cranial nerves, aortitis, endocarditis, and glomerulonephritis (author's transl)]. 124 75

This research explored the influence of temperature and waterborne arsenate exposure level on the whole-body arsenic (As) concentration in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at loss of equilibrium (LOE), an acute toxicity endpoint. The mean median times (ET50s) to LOE for fish exposed to 120 mg arsenate liter-1 at 5 degrees C, as well as 60 and 120 mg liter-1 at 15 degrees C were 56.8, 210, and 34.8 hr, respectively. Despite the differences in ET50, the fish showed respective mean (SE) whole-body As concentrations of 8.6 (0.3), 8.1 (0.6), and 8.6 (0.4) micrograms As g-1, values which were not significantly different. Fish exposed to 240 mg arsenate liter-1 at 5 degrees C, which had a LOE ET50 of 32.2 hr, were observed to have a mean (SE) whole-body arsenic concentration of 13.5 micrograms g-1, significantly higher than the levels in fish from all other treatments. A 3-hr delay between LOE and sampling did not significantly alter whole-body As concentration. The results are discussed in terms of the utility of using whole-body As concentrations to interpret the impacts of arsenate on fish populations in the field.
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PMID:Whole-body arsenic concentrations in rainbow trout during acute exposure to arsenate. 128 75

1. MS-222 anaesthesia of the marine teleost Pagrus auratus caused a dose-dependent elevation in haematocrit. 2. At 60 mg/l MS-222 the elevated haematocrit was fully accounted for by erythrocyte swelling, but at 100 mg/l red cell count also increased. 3. Uptake of anaesthetic in all tissues was rapid and the rate of onset of anaesthesia was dose-dependent. 4. Stage III level of anaesthesia (loss of equilibrium) was correlated with critical levels of MS-222 in the blood and brain. 5. The presence of acetylated derivatives of MS-222 in the blood demonstrated degradation of the anaesthetic, and high levels in the liver and kidney suggested that these organs were the sites of drug metabolism.
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PMID:The dynamics of MS-222 anaesthesia in a marine teleost (Pagrus auratus: Sparidae). 135 39

The effects of low concentrations of ethanol on embryos of Bufo arenarum were studied. Embryos maintained continuously (from stage 3 on) in 0.84-3.34 microM ethanol showed concentration dependent effects: delay in the development rate and on eclosion, loss of equilibrium, arrhythmic contractions, swimming in atypical positions and high death rate. At lower concentrations the anomalies were concentration independent. Embryos treated continuously with 0.002 and 0.21 microM ethanol until stages 19, 20 and 21 showed an important and selective increase in their Na content. When the embryos were incubated discontinuously in 0.002 and 0.21 microM ethanol, from stage 3 to stages 12-13 and then transferred to Holtfreter solution, only a few of the above mentioned anomalies were observed; they were transient and the embryos recovered rapidly. Treated embryos did not exhibit ultrastructural changes in their ectodermal cells.
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PMID:Effects of low concentrations of ethanol on the embryonic development of Bufo arenarum. 286 Oct 45

An analysis of intracranial pressure (ICP), based on an examination of the temporary correlation between the changes in amplitude of the pulse wave and the mean ICP level, is presented. The paper contains a discussion of the preliminary results of the method when applied to the analysis of ICP as monitored during infusion tests in a group of 24 children. Infusion of a certain volume of CSF is a good example of an uncompensated volume process, introduced externally into the intracranial space. Results allow an interpretation of the short term correlation coefficient RAP (correlation coefficient between ICP and variations of the amplitude of fundamental component of the pulse wave AMP), as a steady state index. According to this interpretation, the presented analysis enables the observation of a loss of equilibrium during the test. Other phenomena can also be observed, for instance a recovery to equilibrium after the test, nonlinearities of amplitude-pressure relationship, vasomotor reflexes etc.
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PMID:Analysis of intracranial pressure waveform during infusion test. 317 31

1. The toxicity of cis- and trans-cypermethrin to rainbow trout was investigated and the concentrations of the two isomers in brain associated with toxic signs (excitability and loss of equilibrium) were determined. cis-Cypermethrin and trans-cypermethrin were equally toxic and showed similar brain levels associated with toxic signs (cis:0.25 micrograms/g, mean (range 0.07-0.53); trans:0.17 micrograms/g (0.07-0.31]. 2. Orally administered cypermethrin was less toxic than predicted, probably due to poor intestinal uptake. Toxicity was due to absorption via the gills of unchanged pyrethroid excreted from the intestine into the water. 3. The metabolism of the radiolabelled insecticides, [14C-cyclopropyl]- and [14C-benzyl]-cis- and trans-cypermethrin has been investigated in vivo and in vitro. 4. The principal route of elimination in vivo was the bile, with 20-28% dose excreted as biliary metabolites in 24 h. No difference in the rates of elimination of the cis and trans isomers was observed. 5. cis-Cypermethrin was metabolized primarily to the glucuronide of 4'-hydroxy-cypermethrin (80% total bile radioactivity), together with dichlorovinyldimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and its glucuronide, 3-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)benzoic acid (4'-hydroxy-3BPA) and its ester and ether glucuronides, 3-phenoxybenzoyl glucuronide and 4'-hydroxy-3BPA sulphate were detected. trans-Cypermethrin was metabolized to the same products, but with only 36% as 4'-hydroxy-cypermethrin glucuronide.
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PMID:The toxicity and metabolism of the pyrethroids cis- and trans-cypermethrin in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. 342 66

This paper presents data about the effect of optokinetic stimulation (OKS) on vestibulospinal reflexes and discusses mechanisms of interaction of the vestibular, optic and proprioceptive sensors during their combined stimulation. The vestibulospinal reflexes were investigated using a 2-minute step test and simultaneous OKS that was produced by a portable optokinetic drum mounted on the head of the test subject. During the tests optokinetic nystagmus was recorded and the angle of body rotation relative to the initial position was measured. It was found that during the step test the body turned along the OKS direction, i. e. towards the slow component of optokinetic nystagmus. During leftward OKS the angle of rotation was larger than during rightward OKS: 406.4 +/- 75.9 deg and 207.5 +/- 40.7 deg, respectively. During leftward OKS loss of equilibrium was recorded 4.5 times more often than during rightward OKS. It has been demonstrated that the capacity to track stimuli moving to the left is lower than that to pursue stimuli moving to the right. It has been shown that there is a correlation between the rate of the optokinetic nystagmus slow phase and the angle of body rotation during the step test. It has been concluded that optokinetic nystagmus can be used as an informative parameter when measuring statokinetic stability in response to multisensory stimulation.
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PMID:[Role of optokinetic stimulation in realizing vestibulospinal reflexes]. 369 35


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