Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0278080 (physical dependence)
 1,658 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Frequencies of abuse and dependence assessed continuously within a drug surveillance system were analysed as a contribution to risk-benefit evaluations of benzodiazepines (BZDs). In 4.7% of 15,296 patients admitted to psychiatric hospitals between 1980 and 1985, BZDs had been involved in some kind of abuse or dependence. Primary BZD dependence, defined as physical dependence on BZDs in patients who had not been dependent before, was observed in about 1% of admitted patients. Linking these data with psychiatric diagnoses revealed a high risk of primary BZD dependence for in-patients (11.8%) with anxiety neurosis (ICD-9, 300.0), and a lower risk for neurotic (300.4) and for endogenous depressives (296.1) (risk 3.7% and 2.7% respectively). Older age was also related to primary BZD dependence. For depressive in-patients, the risk was twice as high in females as in males. Anecdotal observations advocate more systematic investigation of the emotional effects of long-term therapy with BZDs.
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PMID:Prevalence of benzodiazepine abuse and dependence in psychiatric in-patients with different nosology. An assessment of hospital-based drug surveillance data. 257 11

The behaviorally based constructs of DSM-III have differentiated alcohol abuse and dependence, wherein the latter has been characterized by: a history of tolerance and physical dependence; and a history of pathological drinking patterns and/or problems consequent to drinking behavior (APA-DSM III 1980). In contrast, ICD-9 refers to an alcohol dependence syndrome which follows the model proposed by Edwards and Gross in 1976. The WHO memorandum on nomenclature and classification of drug and alcohol related problems has further proposed that alcohol dependence be defined along a continuum of severity, and that dependence be differentiated from severity of alcohol related disabilities (Edwards et al. 1981). In many respects, the alcohol dependence syndrome construct is consistent with Jellinek's disease concept of alcoholism which had its antecedents in medical writings of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries (Lender 1979). Commencing in the early 1960's, many behavioral and social scientists were critical of the disease model of alcoholism. Behavioral researchers found that the drinking behavior of alcoholic subjects could be controlled by its consequences in the laboratory, suggesting that drinking behavior was like any operant. Longitudinal studies of drinking practices suggested that relapse to dependent drinking did not appear to be inevitable. In general, these researchers have utilized behavioral and epidemiological data to prove the null hypothesis: that there was no biological disease behind alcohol addiction. In contrast to the operant studies which served to rebut the disease construct, Ludwig and associates employed a model of Pavlovian conditioning which suggested a relationship between an alcoholic's desire to drink and an increase in autonomic arousal associated with the presence of alcohol (Ludwig et al. 1977).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Alcohol dependence: a biobehavioral perspective. 374 8

Self-report symptom profiles for nicotine psychic dependence and nicotine physical dependence were examined in data obtained from 363 male and 82 female smokers. The subjects consisted of 363 healthy volunteer and 82 alcoholics. The questionnaire used in this study, consisted of items of the ICD-10 and DSM-IV. The ratio of nicotine dependence diagnosed according to the ICD-10 criteria was lower in alcoholics (22.0%) than in non-alcoholics (54.4%). A total of 19.4% of alcoholics experienced "progressive neglect of alternative pleasures or interest in favour of smoking"; however, only 2.2% of non-alcoholics had the same experience. Although the ratio of nicotine physical dependence diagnosed using the DSM-IV criteria (nicotine withdrawal), was 4.9% in alcoholics, only 0.3 % of non-alcoholics exhibited nicotine physical dependence. These results indicate that the potential for nicotine dependence is not higher than that for other drug dependence and suggested that nicotine physical dependence potential is not much stronger than that reported among social smokers.
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PMID:[Epidemiological studies on tobacco smoking and dependence in Hokkaido prefecture--relation to alcoholism]. 970 1

In this study, we attempted to determine the prevalence of tobacco or nicotine dependence in current smokers in Japan and to assess the relationship between alcoholism and tobacco or nicotine dependence. The subjects consisted of 246 alcohol-dependent and 1,111 non-alcohol-dependent individuals. We used a questionnaire, consisting of items obtained from the World Health Organization's The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines (ICD-10) and the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) criteria for tobacco or nicotine dependence. The prevalence of tobacco dependence diagnosed according to the ICD-10 criteria was 23.9% among all subjects. The prevalence of tobacco dependence diagnosed according to the ICD-10 criteria was higher in alcohol-dependent individuals (58.1%) than in nondrinkers or social drinkers (12.8%). Alcohol-dependent subjects consumed significantly more nicotine per day than did nondrinkers or social drinkers. The prevalence of nicotine physical dependence diagnosed by using DSM-IV criteria for nicotine withdrawal was 2.4% in alcohol-dependent individuals, whereas only 0.3% of nondrinkers or social drinkers exhibited nicotine physical dependence. These results indicate to us that the potential for nicotine physical dependence is not much stronger than that reported among current smokers.
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PMID:Epidemiological studies of tobacco smoking and dependence in Japan. 1152 31

The gabapentinoids gabapentin and pregabalin have been related to addiction citing pharmacovigilance data, some case presentations and increasing reports mainly from methadone maintenance treatment programs or emergency medicine. Most of these reports were based on patients with another current or previous substance use disorder (SUD). According to the ICD-10 dependence criteria, physical dependence (withdrawal symptoms, tolerance) was reported most frequently alongside regular use of gabapentinoids. Far less patients showed key symptoms of behavioral dependence (craving, loss of control, or addictive behavior). Through a literature review, we found 2 and 13 case reports about gabapentionoid-seeking behavior or craving for gabapentin and pregabalin, respectively. Those patients without a history of another SUD, but being behaviorally dependent on gabapentinoids, deemed more appropriate to reflect the true addictive power of these drugs. We found solely 4 such cases, all referring to pregabalin and none for gabapentin. Taking into account that gabapentinoids have become widely distributed and easily obtainable via the internet or black-markets, one would expect many more of these cases, if gabapentinoids had considerable addictive power. Moreover, we are not aware of any patient who sought detoxification treatment owing to the misuse of gabapentinoids. Unlike for traditional psychoactive drugs, there is only very scarce evidence for gabapentinoids to be misused in a long-term manner and to be rewarding and reinforcing in animal experiments. Further, we assessed the hazardous potential of gabapentin and pregabalin in relation to that of traditional substances of abuse. Altogether, we support the view that gabapentinoids are quite rarely addictive in the general population. In patients with a history of SUD, however, gabapentinoids (notably pregabalin) should avoided or, if thought to be beneficial, administered with caution by using a strict prescription and therapy monitoring.
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PMID:On the addictive power of gabapentinoids: a mini-review. 2993 Feb 23