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Query: UMLS:C0278080 (physical dependence)
 1,658 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Investigations were performed to determine whether the pharmacodynamic effect of barbital, the development of tolerance to or the physical dependence on the hypnotic are responsible for drug-taking behavior. Three groups of male rats, untreated, tolerant to and physically-dependent on barbital, were given free choice between 0.5% barbital solution and tap water. Drug-taking behavior was estimated according to specified criteria. Initially naive rats rejected an unsweetened barbital solution. Tolerant rats also refused the hypnotic, even after they had experienced abstinence symptoms only once. However, tolerant rats that repeatedly underwent withdrawal after an intake of more than 400 mg/kg/day of barbital did show drug taking behavior. Therefore, several experiences with pronounced abstinence symptoms seem to be necessary for initiating and sustaining barbital drug taking behavior in rats.
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PMID:Repeated withdrawal from barbital as a drive for 'drug taking behavior' in rats. 653 66

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were raised from weaning in one of the three housing conditions: one, two or four per housing unit. At 60 days of age, animals were moved to individual cages and tested in the open field. Following a baseline period in which animals were allowed to adapt to their new housing condition, animals had their water replaced with a 0.8 mg/ml morphine sulfate solution. Following 12 days of access to the drug, animals were injected with naloxone and abstinence precipitated. While no differences were found in body weight among the three groups of animals at 60 days of age, significant differences in open field behavior were noted. Animals that were raised in groups were found to be more active in the open field than animals raised in isolation. Early housing experience was also found to modify later morphine consumption and physical dependence. Animals raised in isolation exhibited a trend to start drinking morphine sooner and experienced less severe withdrawal symptoms following naloxone administration than group-raised animals.
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PMID:Early housing experience modifies morphine self-administration and physical dependence in adult rats. 654 60

A study was made of the possibility of forming nicotine addiction in laboratory rats and using it as the basis for the design of experimental nicotine toxicomania. Experiments were carried out on 56 rats placed in individual cages with a possibility of free choice between water and 0.005% nicotine solution for 2 to 4 months. It was established that the population of intact laboratory rats with 8- and 16-week contact with nicotine solution could be divided into groups demonstrating 3 main types of attitude toward nicotine: aversion (68% of all the animals), moderate addiction (4%), and pronounced addiction (28%). These quantitative relationships remained unchanged whatever the time of contact with nicotine. Thus, the possibility has been shown of designing experimental nicotine toxicomania with marked elements of physical dependence in rats consuming nicotine on a voluntary basis.
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PMID:[Formation of nicotine addiction in mongrel white rats]. 654 34

Rats exposed to a daily 3-hr session of intermittent food delivery ingested physical-dependence-produced levels of 5% ethanol solution. Although this schedule induced a chronic, voluntary, daily overindulgence, this had no effect on 21-hr home-cage phenobarbital preference. The substitution of water for 5% ethanol during the daily 3-hr binge session did not change home-cage phenobarbital preference, which remained stable and similar to that of a control group of non-binging animals. This experiment and others indicate that physical dependence on ethanol does not play a major role in the maintenance of ethanol abuse or cross-abuse of the barbiturates.
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PMID:Schedule-induced ethanol dependence and phenobarbital preference. 654 10

A 3-hr schedule-induced ethanol polydipsia regimen was used in rats to elevate blood alcohol concentration to a single intoxicating peak each day. After 3 weeks, and again after 3.5 months, animals were tested for the presence of physical dependence by exposure to a brief auditory stimulus (key shaking) at 7 and 11 hr after ethanol polydipsia. Withdrawal signs were observed only at 11 hr when blood ethanol levels had returned to zero. No such signs were observed when animals were made water polydipsic. While sufficient, continuous elevation of blood ethanol concentration is not necessary for the development of a demonstrable physical dependence. A limited daily ethanol binge was sufficient.
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PMID:Production of physical dependence on ethanol by a short drinking episode each day. 668 78

The test system utilizes adult, male, Sprague-Dawley rats to consume their entire daily water intake in a single 60 minute session. The results of administering various doses of more than 70 therapeutic agents 15 minutes prior to the test session permit the classification of drugs into two categories. Group I drugs cause only a dose-dependent reduction in water intake, beginning at a threshold value below which no effect is seen. Group II drugs, upon reaching a threshold value, cause first a dose-dependent increase in water intake to a maximum; additional dosage increments produce a dose-dependent decrease. Group I agents include: amphetamines, antidepressants, antihistamines, antipsychotics, narcotic antagonists, parasympathomimetics, and parasympatholytics. Group II includes agents known to induce human physical dependence, namely anxiolytics, barbiturates, sedative/hypnotics, and narcotic agonists. Double-blind testing has confirmed the value of this test system as a predictive screen for identifying drugs capable of causing physical dependence.
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PMID:A simple animal test system to predict the likelihood of a drug causing human physical dependence. 689 Feb 38

Using mice, preference for barbital or ethanol solution was examined in choice test between drug solution and tap water after pretreatment with the drugs for 6, 15 or 30 days under different conditions, a) forcedly given the drug solution as drinking liquid. b) ip injected the drug twice daily, c) combined treatment, forced drinking plus ip injection. Pretreatment with barbital induced aversion to the drug solution regardless the conditions of pretreatments mainly because the unpalatability of the drug solution and also the unpleasant effect of injected drug. In ethanol pretreated animals, pre-exposure to ethanol solution decreased the preference ratio for the drug solution n choice test but accustomed to the taste in parallel with the duration of the pretreatment. After treatment with injection, on the other hand, animals acquired preference for ethanol solution indicating the reinforcing effect of the injected drug. Six days pretreatment with the drugs developed tolerance to their suppressive effect and in barbital treated animals physical dependence was also developed. However, the degree of preference or drug solution was not parallel to the intensity of tolerance or physical dependence. Characteristics of the test drugs as reinforcer of drinking behavior was easily determined by this method and its validity for the screening of the drugs of psychic dependence liability was suggested.
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PMID:[Determination of the development of psychotic dependence to drugs in small animals. 4. Selective drinking of barbital and ethanol solutions by mice]. 689 51

Nutritionally complete diets formulated according to American Institute of Nutrition guidelines were used to make rats dependent upon ethanol. When intubated with a diet-ethanol solution for four days maintained initial body weight. When forced to consume the solution as the sole source of nutrients and water for nineteen days, rats gained weight. All animals developed severe withdrawal signs as measured by the intensity of tremors and spastic rigidity. The diet ingredients did not alter the absorption of the ethanol. The results demonstrate that physical dependence on ethanol can be induced in the rat without nutritional impairment.
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PMID:Ethanol dependence produced in rats by nutritionally complete diets. 719 Feb 90

Oral administration of levorphanol solution induces physical dependence in rats within a few days, as demonstrated by abstinence symptoms such as loss of body weight, sensitivity to touch and inversion of locomotor activity after withdrawal from the drug. In order to examine whether the physically dependent rats show an active drug-seeking behaviour they were given successively free choice between sweetened levorphanol solution (LSa) and two alternative drinking liquids -- sweetened tap water (WSa) and unadulterated water (W). In the case of LSa and W the rats chose LSa, but they preferred WSa to LSa. Another group of rats made dependent on unsweetened levorphanol solution (L) had the choice between L and W. They rejected L immediately.
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PMID:Development of dependence on levorphanol in rats by oral intake of the drug -- the influence of taste on drinking behaviour in rats physically dependent on levorphanol. 719 61

Studies were performed to examine whether chronic voluntary consumption of ethanol by the selectively-bred, alcohol-preferring P-rats produces physical dependence. Body weight reduction, food restriction and flavoring the 10% ethanol solution increased ethanol consumption from 7 to 14 g ethanol/kg body weight/day when water was freely available. Under similar conditions, consumption by selectively-bred, alcohol-nonpreferring NP-rats increased from 1 to 12 g/kg/day. Removal of ethanol after eight weeks induced physical signs of withdrawal in both lines of animals. In two subsequent studies, P-rats were given food, water and unflavored 10% ethanol ad lib for 15 and 20 weeks; ethanol consumption was 7.2 and 5.6 g/kg/day, respectively. Upon removal of ethanol, manifestations of withdrawal, scored blind in one experiment, developed in 85% of the animals and persisted for 72 hours. Importantly, none in the control groups of P and NP rats given water only exhibited these signs. The ethanol withdrawn groups were hyperactive in both the open-field and the head-poke apparatus. These results indicate that sufficient ethanol was voluntarily consumed by the selectively-bred alcohol-preferring P-rats under free-feeding conditions to produce physical dependence.
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PMID:Induction of dependence on ethanol by free-choice drinking in alcohol-preferring rats. 720 Jun 11


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