Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0278080 (physical dependence)
 1,658 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Opiates exert numerous effects on all levels of the central nervous system with tolerance, physical dependence and withdrawal being characteristics of this drug class. The degree of dependence is directly correlated to the intensity of withdrawal. Therefore, success in modifying the withdrawal syndrome may shed light on the dynamics of opiate addiction. The present study demonstrates that cyclosporine, a widely used immunosuppressive drug, considerably modified the behavioral signs of a naloxone-induced abstinence syndrome in morphine-addicted rats. In previous experiments, alpha-interferon has shown similar results. The similarity in actions of these two immunomodulator drugs is discussed and we suggest that opiate addiction may involve the immune system.
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PMID:Cyclosporine alters opiate withdrawal in rodents. 403 25

The possible role of succinic dehydrogenase (SD) in producing physical dependence to morphine by affecting tissue respiration was investigated in Swiss albino mice during the development of morphine tolerance through a period of addiction and naloxone withdrawal therapy. Tolerance and physical dependence were induced by injecting the mice with morphine sulfate subcutaneously at 8-hour intervals, increasing the dose from 10 mg/kg BW every 24 h for 15 days. The animals were considered to be addicted when they were able to tolerate an otherwise lethal dose of 150 mg/kg 3 times a day. Results indicated that succinic dehydrogenase was inhibited throughout the 15-day period of morphine administration and that this effect was greatest in tolerant animals. Increasing the dose and duration of treatment did not cause further decreases in enzyme activity; instead, after 15 days levels of enzyme activity increased in addicted animals compared with tolerant mice. Furthermore, morphine abstinence for 2 days, markedly increased the levels of SD activity, while 6 days of abstinence had little effect. Naloxone withdrawal at each stage was associated with increased SD activity, but the increase was significant only in tolerant mice.
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PMID:Changes in succinic dehydrogenase activity in the central nervous system of mice during morphine dependence development, withdrawal and naloxone treatment. 404 Apr 49

Morphine exert numerous effects of all levels of the central nervous system with tolerance, physical dependence and withdrawal being characteristic of this drug class. The degree of dependence is directly correlated to the intensity of withdrawal, success in modifying the withdrawal syndrome may shed light on the dynamic of morphine addiction. The present study demonstrated that alpha-interferon (IFN) significantly modifies the naloxone-induced abstinence syndrome in morphine dependent rats. Single cortical neurons recording and microiontophoretic application of IFN, morphine and naloxone failed to support existing hypothesis that IFN effects are mediated through opiate receptors. Since IFN's are widely present in animals bodies, including the brain, and are locally synthesized. Our observation suggests that IFN's are endocoids which serve to prevent tolerance and dependence to endogenous peptides.
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PMID:Interferon as an endocoids candidate preventing and attenuating opiate addiction. 408 Jul 13

When judiciously used, benzodiazepines are therapeutically effective and remarkably safe. Long-term use may result in addiction and physical dependence in some patients. The physician's awareness of this risk helps in the prevention of dependence. Four variables play a part in the development of dependence, ie, dose, duration of treatment, the history, and the patient's personality. A dosage higher than the usual therapeutic dose not only is not needed in most patients but produces more side effects. Short term therapy carries a low risk of dependence and is preferred. It is advisable not to use benzodiazepines in patients with a history of alcohol or drug abuse, as dependent personalities pose a higher risk than other personality types.
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PMID:Benzodiazepines: selective use to avoid addiction. 612 69

We relate two cases of amineptine (Survector) overconsumption by patients cured for atypical depression with asthenia and activities deficit as the prevalent symptoms. Prescription of two tablets a day (0,200 g) was respected in one case during six months, and in the other case during two years, with therapeutic benefit on apragmatism. To no obvious reason, within few months both patients had gradually raised the doses to twenty tablets (2 g) and thirty tablets (3 g) respectively: we observed subexcitation, insomnia, sensorial hyperaesthesia, irritability, tachyphemia with dysarthria, anorexia with weight lost of more than 10 kg and amphetamine-like troubles without confusion or delusion, as a result of which both patients were treated for their addiction, in hospital. Treatment with clorazepate perfusions did not cause any physical dependence problems. However, psychological dependence was strong enough for one of the patients to go out, on the third day, against medical decision. As far as we know, in France, only one such case of addiction use at high doses and in single intakes is mentioned in the existing literature. However, our observations suggest that it might be necessary to re-assess the place of amineptine among new antidepressive molecules with psychostimulant abilities.
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PMID:[2 cases of amineptine dependence]. 614 28

Experiments on rats were made to study antiulcerous activity of the majority of endogenous opioid-like peptides and 22 synthetic analogs. Duodenal ulcers were induced in animals by cysteamine hydrochloride. A hexapeptide called dalargin demonstrated the maximal antiulcerous activity in experimental duodenal ulcer. The drug dose applied was 10-15 micrograms/kg. The drug action was found to be mediated via opiate receptors. The drug did not cause the development of addiction or physical dependence. Dalargin was studied in 45 male patients with exacerbation of duodenal ulcer. The mean period of healing amounted to 21.8 days. The use of dalargin in a dose of 2 mg a day intramuscularly produced no side effects or changes in blood characteristics. The mechanisms of dalargin action are discussed from the viewpoint of the general principles of peptide pharmacology.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of hexapeptide dalargine used in the treatment of duodenal ulcer]. 639 29

Morphine preference and tendency to relapse to morphine tolerance and dependence were studied in rats which were previously made morphine dependent. Tolerance to, and physical dependence on, morphine were initially produced by administration of increasing concentrations of morphine sulphate in 5% sucrose solution for 3 weeks. A test for drinking preference was performed 4 days after the rats had been successfully detoxified and showed no significant signs of morphine dependence. It was found that, while control animals drank only negligible amounts of morphine solution, previously morphine-dependent rats consumed significantly larger volumes of morphine solution and had recurrence of morphine tolerance and dependence. The present findings show that chronic administration of morphine in drinking fluid produces tolerance and physical dependence as well as addiction in rats; the latter definition is exemplified by these animals having a high tendency to relapse after successful drug withdrawal.
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PMID:Morphine preference in rats previously morphine dependent. 653 22

A study was made of the possibility of forming nicotine addiction in laboratory rats and using it as the basis for the design of experimental nicotine toxicomania. Experiments were carried out on 56 rats placed in individual cages with a possibility of free choice between water and 0.005% nicotine solution for 2 to 4 months. It was established that the population of intact laboratory rats with 8- and 16-week contact with nicotine solution could be divided into groups demonstrating 3 main types of attitude toward nicotine: aversion (68% of all the animals), moderate addiction (4%), and pronounced addiction (28%). These quantitative relationships remained unchanged whatever the time of contact with nicotine. Thus, the possibility has been shown of designing experimental nicotine toxicomania with marked elements of physical dependence in rats consuming nicotine on a voluntary basis.
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PMID:[Formation of nicotine addiction in mongrel white rats]. 654 34

Electrical stimulation of the brainstem abolishes pain, while continued stimulation induces tolerance to the analgesic effect. Analgesic drugs producing tolerance also induce physical dependence, suggesting that the phenomenon of tolerance is associated with addiction. There is evidence that the neural mechanism for stimulation-produced analgesia is related to the release of opiate substances within the brain. We therefore propose that repeated or protracted brain stimulation elicits dependence upon the endorphins released by electrical stimulation of the neurons themselves. To investigate this possibility, rats were given repetitive bursts of analgesic electrical brain stimulation for two hours. Immediately thereafter, they were injected with the opiate antagonist, naloxone. Behaviors associated with low grade opiate withdrawal were observed. These data suggest that prolonged analgesic stimulation can result in naloxone-precipitated behaviors similar to the behaviors exhibited during opiate withdrawal.
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PMID:Opiate withdrawal behavior after focal brain stimulation. 654 76

Optimal pain control in the dying child often requires aggressive opioid therapy that exceeds recommended parameters and may hasten death caused by respiratory depression. For pediatric nurses caring for the dying child, the administration of potentially life-shortening analgesia gives rise to a number of ethical issues. Pediatric nurses often express concern that aggressive pain control is a form of euthanasia or fear the child will develop a drug dependence. Lack of clarity about the ethical obligations and professional responsibilities of nurses who administer potentially life-shortening analgesia may also contribute to the dilemmas surrounding such situations. If left unresolved, these issues can interfere with the nurse's ability to implement an appropriate pain regimen. To provide adequate pain control, pediatric nurses who care for dying children must accomplish the following: critically examine ethical issues and underlying principles; understand the phenomena of addiction, tolerance, and physical dependence; and identify the boundaries of acceptable nursing practice when administering potentially life-shortening analgesia to terminally ill children.
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PMID:Pain management and potentially life-shortening analgesia in the terminally ill child: the ethical implications for pediatric nurses. 781 90


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