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Query: UMLS:C0277787 (stigma)
 13,352 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The impact of incestuous child sexual abuse continues to affect victims into their adult lives. Survey responses from college students indicate the predicted stigma surrounding this childhood event varies with gender as well as with length and type of relationship at the time of the disclosure. Women indicate differences in stigma when anticipating various types of relationships with male survivors. Particularly, women show dating as less comfortable than opposite sex friendship, and parenting as less comfortable than marriage. Men do not indicate these differences in stigma based on the type of relationship, but instead predict comfort with female survivors based on the length of relationship.
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PMID:Stigma and incest survivors. 195 87

Enrolling and tracking cohorts for HIV vaccine efficacy trials requires that participants disclose behaviors that place them at risk for exposure to HIV. Brief screening procedures have been suggested for this purpose. In a previous study gay and bisexual men in three U.S. cities reported unprotected anal intercourse on a brief screening instrument. Screen reports were compared to subsequent in-depth, face-to-face interview data; 29% of the men who reported unprotected anal intercourse during the interview failed to disclose this behavior during screening. For recruitment into an HIV vaccine feasibility study at the same study sites, screening procedures were modified to encourage accurate reporting: to lessen stigma, low risk as well as high risk sexual behaviors were assessed, and screens were administered by trained study staff who presented it as a tool for understanding the gay community. Failures to disclose risk decreased to 18%, a rate that, while lower than in the previous study, remains high. Men less likely to disclose unprotected sex during the screen engaged in fewer high risk sexual behaviors, had more stringent norms regarding sexual safety, and were less identified with the gay community than were men who disclosed unprotected sex. Failure to disclose risk may have significant implications for participant selection and behavior tracking during vaccine trials. More systematic assessments that are sensitive to target communities may facilitate disclosure.
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PMID:Preparations for AIDS vaccine trials. Developing brief valid screening instruments for HIV-related sexual risk behavior among gay and bisexual men. 786 20

Psychology professors from the University of California conducted 3 studies to develop a multidimensional, multiple-indicator condom attitudes scale that would include items drawing upon several independent determinants of condom use. These studies would help them correlate 5 factors of the UCLA Multidimensional Condom Attitudes Scale (MCAS) with other criterion variables to establish the construct validity for each factor in the scale. The first study involved 239 male and female 15-35 year old undergraduate students who completed a 15-page, 187-item questionnaire. The professors used these data to develop 5 domains in the MCAS and to correlate the MCAS with relevant criterion variables. The 5 domains of the MCAS were reliability and effectiveness of condoms, sexual pleasure associated with condom use, stigma attached to persons who use condoms, embarrassment about negotiation and use of condoms, and embarrassment about purchase of condoms. 181 undergraduate students, 18-30 years old, completed a modified questionnaire an item added to improve the identity stigma factor) so the researchers could cross-validate MCAS' domains by means of factor analysis (study 2). Study 3 involved 426 undergraduate students whose data the researchers analyzed to test the 5-factor structure against a 1-factor model, to replicate the factor structure using methods of confirmatory factor analysis in structural equations modeling, and to confirm that the reliability and effectiveness domain included reliability and effectiveness as protection against AIDS, other STDs, and pregnancy. Men were not as embarrassed about buying condoms as women, while women had a more positive attitude towards identity stigma-related issues. Overall, men's and women's attitudes towards condoms were different. The studies' results show that condom attitudes are indeed multidimensional, and that the MCAS goes beyond individual decision making to include the social, interpersonal determinants of sexual behavior.
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PMID:The UCLA Multidimensional Condom Attitudes Scale: documenting the complex determinants of condom use in college students. 805 58

The implications of exposure to acute and chronic stressors, and seeking mental health care, for increased psychological distress are examined. Research on economic stress, psychological distress, and rural agrarian values each point to increasing variability within rural areas. Using data from a panel study of 1,487 adults, a model predicting changes in depressive symptoms was specified and tested. Results show effects by size of place for men but not for women. Men living in rural villages of under 2,500 or in small towns of 2,500 to 9,999 people had significantly greater increases in depressive symptoms than men living in the country or in larger towns or cities. Size of place was also related to level of stigma toward mental health care. Persons living in the most rural environments were more likely to hold stigmatized attitudes toward mental health care and these views were strongly predictive of willingness to seek care. The combination of increased risk and less willingness to seek assistance places men living in small towns and villages in particular jeopardy for continuing problems involving depressed mood.
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PMID:Psychological distress and help seeking in rural America. 933 54

Research into the use of condoms rarely explains how cultural factors influence beliefs and behaviours. Condoms are researched in functional, rather than cultural terms. Ignorance concerning the mechanisms of conception and contraception remains a fundamental concern, even among comparatively well educated populations. Men's perceived ambivalence to the regular use of condoms, and women's perceived stigma in obtaining and carrying condoms is a limiting factor to the more widespread use of barrier contraception. The etiquette barriers associated with discussing contraceptives, between partners and between couples and health care workers is an issue that extends across cultural boundaries. There is merit in understanding contraception from a cultural start point. This may involve investing more time in orientating to the culture before discussing the contraceptive.
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PMID:Culture and condoms: a review of research literature. 937 Jun 22

After decades in decline, tuberculosis (TB) has been increasing worldwide. In 1993, the World Health Organisation declared TB a global emergency. Passive case-finding is an important part of TB control programmes, and this is strongly affected by people's perceptions and beliefs of TB and society's behaviour towards TB sufferers. The aim of this study was to describe the perceptions and beliefs of Vietnamese people regarding TB and its risk factors with special reference to differences between men and women. Sixteen focus group discussions (FGDs) were organised in four districts representing different regions in Vietnam and consisting of men and women, TB patients and non-TB participants. In general, participants had good knowledge of TB being a dangerous, contagious and infectious disease, caused by germs. However, traditional beliefs in different types of TB still exist, mainly among older people in rural areas, but also resorted to by other people once ill. Four main types of TB were reported: (1) 'Lao truyen' (hereditary TB), handed down from older generations to latter ones through 'family blood', regardless of sexes; (2) 'Lao luc' (physical TB), caused by hard work, more men affected; (3) 'Lao tam' (mental TB), caused by too much worrying-more women affected; and (4) 'Lao phoi' (lung TB), dangerous and caused by TB germs, transmitted through the respiratory system-more men affected. Other general risk factors were also mentioned. Men were perceived to get TB more often than women, as they were more exposed to risk factors during both work and leisure time. These traditional beliefs may contribute to long delays to TB diagnosis and increased social stigma and isolation of TB patients and their families due to erroneous beliefs in transmission routes. Our findings demonstrate areas where TB control programmes may be improved.
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PMID:Different tuberculosis in men and women: beliefs from focus groups in Vietnam. 1045 92

This paper reports results from a multicenter study of gender differences in the stigma associated with onchocercal skin disease (OSD) in five African sites: Cameroon, Ghana, Nigeria (Awka and Ibadan) and Uganda. The studies used a common protocol to compare affected and unaffected respondents, that is, men and women with onchodermatitis in highly endemic areas and respondents from communities with low endemicity or no onchocerciasis. The methods were both quantitative and qualitative, allowing for the comparison of stigma scores and people's verbal descriptions of their experiences and attitudes. Questions to the unaffected were asked after providing them with photographs and short descriptions (vignettes) depicting typical cases. We found that stigma was expressed more openly by the unaffected, who perceived OSD as something foreign or removed from themselves, whereas the affected tended to deny that they experienced stigma as a result of the condition. Gender differences in stigma scores were not significantly different for men and women, but qualitative data revealed that stigma was experienced differently by men and women, and that men and women were affected by it in distinctive ways. Men were more concerned about the impact of the disease on sexual performance and economic prospects, whereas women expressed more concern about physical appearance and life chances, especially marriage. Similar trends were found in the different sites in the responses of affected and unaffected respondents, and differences between them, despite geographical and cultural variations.
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PMID:Gender and the stigma of onchocercal skin disease in Africa. 1074 73

Despite the mistaken belief in Central America that AIDS is primarily a disease of male homosexuals, some 21% of reported cases in Guatemala have been women 15-44 years old. Many Guatemalan women are at risk of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) because of their lack of sexual bargaining power and negotiating skills, the widespread acceptance of male infidelity in marriage, tolerance of bisexual relations and frequenting of prostitutes, and ignorance of women about sexuality. Condom use is infrequent in Guatemala. Most men and women lack knowledge of AIDS and other STDs and have no perception of their own vulnerability. Male alcohol use and violence against women diminishes the ability of women to protect themselves. Sex education and information about STDs should be provided for both men and women to slow the spread of AIDS. AIDS educators should direct their messages to women toward promoting condom use, increasing knowledge of AIDS and STDs, providing basic sex education, questioning stereotypes of AIDS patients as persons with disordered lifestyles, encouraging realistic assessment of risks, and assisting women to increase their negotiating ability in sexual relations. Three crucial ways of helping women protect themselves are by making them aware of the influence of gender roles in their reproductive lives, teaching them communication and negotiating skills, and providing strategies for them to confront alcohol abuse and gender violence. Survey results indicate that Guatemalan women were extremely motivated to protect their children and secondarily to maintain their homes and be good wives. Motivational messages for AIDS prevention should be related to children and the family. Men were found to be concerned about their families as well and to fear the stigma of HIV infection. Educational techniques for AIDS prevention should be accessible to the illiterate and should focus on life stories or similar methods that make AIDS seem less abstract to those who have had no direct experience with the disease.
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PMID:[Women of Guatemala City: facilitating AIDS prevention in a vulnerable group]. 1229 Jun 22

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is defined as the inability to achieve and maintain a penile erection which is adequate for satisfactory sexual intercourse. It is a significant male health problem affecting approximately 150 million men worldwide. This value is expected to more than double by the year 2025. The incidence of ED increases sharply with age since it is a common cross-cultural denominator, affecting 19 to 64% of men aged 40 to 80 years, both in developing and industrialized countries. Epidemiological studies may underestimate the true dimensions of the problem because of the embarrassment or stigma that is associated with ED. Men with ED may experience diminished self-image and self-esteem, anxiety and fears of rejection, and even depression as psychogenic factors. Pathologic conditions which are commonly encountered in the ageing male (diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, etc) as well as chronic diseases (arthritis, renal and hepatic failure, pulmonary disease) represent a frequent cause of organic ED and are often treated with medications that can interfere with sexual function at central and/or peripheral level. In addition, incorrect lifestyle--i.e. obesity, cigarette smoking, alcohol or drug abuse--may all contribute to the onset of ED. Finally, trauma or surgery affecting either the nervous system or interfering with the blood supply to the penis are associated with increased incidence of ED.
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PMID:Pathology of erection. 1283 29

Health workers in rural Rwanda were surveyed cross-sectionally on knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) about AIDS, HIV, and condom utilization. Participants were 350 health workers from six randomly chosen communities (three rural, three semirural). In general, knowledge about HIV/AIDS was moderate to good, with an average of 63% of the questions answered correctly; men (and younger respondents) had a better knowledge than did women (p =.01; older participants, p =.015). However, in the specific area of HIV/AIDS symptoms, knowledge was inadequate. In general, the attitude of health workers toward condoms was not sufficiently positive. Regular use of condoms was reported by 17%; the only variable significantly associated with condom use was having more than one partner during the past year. Men and those who scored high on knowledge had a more positive attitude toward infected individuals than did women (p =.003) and those with less knowledge (p =.001). In conclusion, there is an urgent need to institute educational programs to reduce the stigma about condoms among health workers in Rwanda.
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PMID:Knowledge, attitude, and practice about AIDS and condom utilization among health workers in Rwanda. 1516 76


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