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Query: UMLS:C0277787 (stigma)
 13,352 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The research reported here examines knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to tuberculosis (TB) among Samoan immigrants through the use of a focus group. Samoan health workers to discuss participants' explanatory models regarding TB convened a focus group of eight Samoan living in Hawaii. The participants expressed a belief in the extreme contagiousness of TB. This leads to social stigma and isolation. Most agreed that biomedical treatment is necessary. Traditional herbal medicine was seen as adjunct to biomedical treatment. Focus group participants were found to subscribe to largely biomedical explanatory models regarding TB, but belief in traditional medicine also persists. TB was believed to be more transmissible than it actually is. TB continues to be a stigmatized disease.
Pac Health Dialog 2001 Mar
PMID:Attitudes regarding tuberculosis among Samoans. 1201 16

The present study analyses the effectiveness of AIDS volunteers in mitigating the stigma attached to People With AIDS (PWAs) within the context of developing community-based care (CBC) in Thailand. A total of 86 trained village health volunteers (T-VHVs) and 99 non-trained village health volunteers (N-VHVs) were enrolled in the study. In addition, 58 villagers in the T-VHV's intervention area and 72 villagers in the non-intervention area were also enrolled. Both T-VHVs and N-VHVs as well as villagers were assessed to determine their level of knowledge with respect to HIV/AIDS and attitudes toward PWAs. Furthermore, we also determined the village health volunteers' level of activity in distributing knowledge of HIV/AIDS in order to prevent and reduce stigma in the community. Although T-VHVs showed a greater depth of knowledge of HIV/AIDS than N-VHVs (p < 0.05), positive attitudes toward PWAs and the level of practice of village health volunteers did not differ significantly between T-VHVs and N-VHVs. While the level of health knowledge of villagers did not differ significantly between the T-VHV's intervention and control areas, a significant difference was observed between the two areas in terms of the villagers' attitudes towards PWAs (p < 0.01). Villagers in the intervention area attached less stigma to PWAs; therefore, T-VHVs played a role in providing basic information on AIDS to the villagers and in mitigating the stigma attached to PWAs. However, these volunteers need to undergo further training through a well-organized training programme in order to obtain a greater depth of knowledge. This is essential for the development of community-based care for PWAs.
Asia Pac J Public Health 2001
PMID:The role of AIDS volunteers in developing community-based care for people with AIDS in Thailand. 1210 57

Local community impact on contraceptive usage is illustrated in this logistic model of contraceptive behavior in 1986 in rural Bangladesh. Variables include an index of accessibility and availability of family planning (FP) at the "thana" level, age of respondent, respondent's educational level, desire to have a child, distance from the district, rural electrification, an index of agricultural wages and percentage of small farm households, and presence of a mosque. Community-level variables are found to be significant in separate equations and in equations with individual level variables. Contraceptive use is more likely to occur in a rural situation where there are commercial places such as market places and post offices. Contraceptive use is enhanced by "thana" closeness to district headquarters. Reduced contraceptive use is related to rural areas with many small farm households and a high agricultural wage rate. Access to FP provides a positive environment for improving motivation to use contraception and for improving use of modern methods. The degree of rural isolation negatively impacts on contraceptive use. Bangladesh is one of the few countries with a comprehensive development program at the sub-district level or "thana." Health centers and family welfare centers are established but are unevenly distributed spatially. Data for this study were obtained from the 1985 Bangladesh Contraceptive Prevalence Survey of 7681 rural women aged under 50 years, from the 1983 Agricultural Census on farm land, and from other statistical publications. Information was obtained on 120 "thanas." Contraceptive use status is measured as use, nonuse, modern use, traditional use, intention to use, and nonintention to use. The religious variable is negative, as expected, but not significant for contraceptive use and intention to use. The sign is positive for modern contraceptive use. Closer examination reveals that respondents with no education and with no household land are more frequent users of modern methods, including sterilization which incurs a religious moral and social stigma. Other data support the notion that religious beliefs are not an important factor in nonuse of contraceptives in Bangladesh. The FP index has a significant impact on use and intention to use but has a positive and insignificant effect on modern methods, which may indicate measurement error.
Asia Pac Popul J 1994 Mar
PMID:Community resources and reproductive behaviour in rural Bangladesh. 1228 69

Most teenagers learn about sex from the media and their friends; yet this information may be inaccurate or misleading. It may even encourage risky behavior if it promotes an ineffective means of contraception. The IPPF has published a very useful report on youth's sexual and reproductive health needs, specifically the need for tailoring family planning/reproductive health programs to meet the needs of youth. The report provides examples of successful projects in different countries that health and sex educators in the Pacific can adapt. Teenagers in the Pacific do become pregnant and suffer from sexually transmitted diseases, indicating that their family planning/reproductive health needs are not being met. In the Pacific as well as elsewhere, the norms and values of adults in authority constrain out-of-school programs for young people. Traditional family planning programs only serve married women or couples. Adolescents also do not seek services at family planning programs even if they do not serve just married women or couples because the teens fear the moralizing and judgmental attitudes of the staff. A tragic repercussion of this neglect of adolescents' reproductive health needs in Fiji is the increase in infanticide. The stigma surrounding unmarried mothers often drive young women to conduct such a desperate act. They tend to find no support from families and friends and no future. What is needed is family planning services that are accessible to unmarried teenagers and young women living in poverty, both of whom are most at risk of unwanted pregnancies.
Pac AIDS Alert Bull 1996
PMID:Media, peers and misinformation. 1229 23

This editorial explores the role of the church in addressing the issue on sexuality and AIDS in the Pacific. Cultural, traditional, and religious constraints hinder people from discussing their sexuality. The belief that "talking about sex and sexuality will promote sexual activity or promiscuity" poses an obstacle to open and honest discussion of the issue. Moreover, people who believe that the disease is a punishment from God sustained the shame and stigma attached to AIDS. Since the church has a strong influence on lives of Pacific Islanders, it can as well help in shaping sexual attitudes and behaviors of people by providing AIDS education. This can be achieved by encouraging parents to have an honest and open discussion on sex and sexuality with their children and organizing activities with young people. In addition, religious leaders can help remove the stigma attached to AIDS by encouraging congregations to discuss the issue on sex and sexuality more candidly and take care of HIV/AIDS patients. Throughout the Pacific, churches are starting to initiate movements against AIDS.
Pac AIDS Alert Bull 1993
PMID:Editorial. 1229 26

This article provides a discussion of deficiencies in the data collection on disabilities in Pakistan, identifies data sources, and makes recommendations for improving the quality of the data. Major trends in disabilities are identified. In Pakistan, there is social stigma attached to persons with disabilities. Disabilities are concealed within families so as not to limit the marriage prospects of relatives who might otherwise be suspected of carrying defective genes. Religion perpetuates superstitions about the disabled. Families bear an extra expense in caring for a disabled member, due to loss of additional labor, increased demands on resources for taking care of the disabled member, and increased need to compensate with higher fertility. There is a lack of social institutional support for care of the disabled. The population censuses of 1961 and 1981 were the first to collect information on the disabled. The inadequacy of census data led to the initiation of a national survey in 1984/85 for collecting data on blindness, deafness, mutism, leprosy, retardation, lameness, and handicaps. A special in-depth survey on disabilities was also conducted in Islamabad and Rawalpindi districts in 1986. This survey focused on mental retardation, visual and hearing disabilities, deformity and wasting of the limbs, and physical disabilities, such as paralysis. This survey was the most valid but it was not comparable to prior surveys. Trends indicate a smaller number of disabled at older ages. Specific disabilities by age showed some peculiar age patterns that suggest unreliability. Data from the 1984/85 survey show higher sex ratios for all disabilities for certain provinces compared to the national ratios. If the trend accurately reflects increased disabilities, the education of high risk groups must be improved, accessibility to medical care must be increased, and the population needs to be educated about the disabled. Government social programs need more accurate assessments of the causes of disability and the extent and duration of disablement.
Asia Pac Popul J 1995 Mar
PMID:The population of persons with disabilities in Pakistan. 1231 84

A pilot survey was conducted based on 900 respondents of the population of West Bengal to assess their level of awareness regarding cancer with the aim of estimating associations between response variables (knowledge about cancer) and predictor variables (age, sex, level of education). The data of the pilot survey revealed that 98% of the respondents had heard of the disease 'Cancer'. Unfortunately only 35% of the respondents were aware of the 7-danger signals (i.e. the primary symptoms of cancer) as defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO). None of the respondents knew all 7-primary symptoms of cancer and the majority (about 88%) knew only one or two (mainly tumour lumps and ulcers). Only 44.67% were aware of the major risk factors (like smoking and tobacco chewing). The percentage of the respondents believing that most cancers are curable in early stages was 58%. Some of the respondents (21%) expressed the vague idea that cancer is a infectious disease which is creating a problem of isolation from the family/society with some unfortunate cancer patients. Over 11% of the respondents suggested that a cancer diagnosis should be kept secret from neighbours due to some social stigma like problems with daughters' marriage. Only 8% had experienced any cancer awareness programme conducted by any organisation, only 37% had listened to any cancer awareness programme conducted by the All India Radio, only 36% had seen any cancer awareness programme conducted by Doordarsan/ private Television channels, only 34% had read cancer awareness articles in the newspapers/magazines and only 13% had seen posters/hoardings regarding cancer awareness. The results thus revealed a huge lack regarding cancer awareness in the region. Most of the respondents (68%) expressed a wish for starting cancer awareness programmes. From the Pilot Survey it has been found that the average Knowledge Index of the respondents is 58+ 1.7 irrespective of the socio-economic and personal status. On testing of associations, there was no statistically significant association of the Knowledge Index with the domicile status (rural or urban), sex, occupation and religion of the respondents. However, statistically significant links were evident with the level of education (p=0.00001), social participation (p=0.00004) and income (p=0.00013) of the respondents.
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
PMID:Knowledge about cancer in West Bengal - a pilot survey. 1524 26

This study examines challenges to HIV-positive people's involvement in AIDS policy making and project design and implementation in Asia. Forty-eight interviews were conducted with key players in the HIV sector in Cambodia, India and Indonesia. The major barrier to involvement is AIDS-related stigma. Most people are diagnosed late in infection and have poor access to antiretroviral drugs. The majority of positive people working in HIV/ AIDS have no training in public health or organisational management and few training opportunities are available. Respondents in all countries said NGOs exploit positive people in order to enhance funding opportunities. Representation on policy making bodies is low because the few people well enough to take on these roles often lack the confidence to assert their needs in front of doctors and government officials. Positive activists need advocacy skills to become more effective, encouragement and support to take on roles as educators and counsellors, sustainable incomes, and medication to stay alive.
Asia Pac J Public Health 2007
PMID:Challenges to the meaningful involvement of HIV-positive people in the response to HIV/AIDS in Cambodia, India and Indonesia. 1778 53

In response to wounding and pathogens, jasmonate (JA) serves as a signal molecule for both induction and repression of gene expression. To examine defense-regulated gene repression in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), we have identified a nonclassical arabinogalactan protein (AGP) gene, AGP31, and show that its mRNA decreased to about 30% of its original level within 8 h in response to methyl JA (MeJA) treatment of whole 7-d-old seedlings. Wounding and abscisic acid treatment had similar effects. MeJA suppression primarily depends on the action of the JA-signaling protein, COI1, as shown by much lower MeJA suppression in coi1-1 mutant plants. The main mechanism of mRNA suppression by MeJA is repression of transcription, as shown by nuclear run-on experiments. The AGP31 protein shares features with several known and putative nonclassical AGPs from other species: a putative signal peptide, a histidine-rich region near the N terminus followed by a repetitive proline-rich domain, and a cysteine-rich C-terminal PAC (for proline-rich protein and AGP, containing cysteine) domain. Positive Yariv reagent interaction demonstrated that the protein is an AGP. Monosaccharide analysis of purified AGP31 indicated it is a galactose-rich AGP. Expression of an AGP31-enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion protein in transgenic cells revealed that the AGP31 protein was localized to the cell wall. AGP31 promoter-beta-glucuronidase reporter gene analysis showed expression in the vascular bundle throughout the plant, except in the flower. In the flower, beta-glucuronidase staining occurred throughout the pistil, except in the stigma. The strong preferential expression in vascular tissues suggests that AGP31 may be involved in vascular tissue function during both the defense response and development.
 ...
PMID:A nonclassical arabinogalactan protein gene highly expressed in vascular tissues, AGP31, is transcriptionally repressed by methyl jasmonic acid in Arabidopsis. 1788 91

The present study was conducted to assess awareness and perception regarding tuberculosis among the general population of Delhi. A total of 1008 adults, selected by multistage stratified systematic sampling, were interviewed using a pre-tested proforma. The majority had heard about tuberculosis (99.1%) and most (89.2%) perceived it to be an infectious disease. The correct mode of transmission i.e. airborne (coughing/sneezing) was known to 71.8% study subjects. The majority (90.1%) knew cough as a symptom. Nearly all (98.2%) perceived Tuberculosis to be a preventable disease, citing the treatment of patients as the mainstay of preventing spread of the disease. However, responses like separation of utensils or hospitalisation of the patient to prevent the spread of the disease indicate persistence of stigma and discrimination in a small proportion of the population. There is a need to widen the scope and intensify the information and education being provided to the population based on gaps identified.
Asia Pac J Public Health 2007
PMID:Awareness and perception about tuberculosis in the general population of Delhi. 1805 May 58


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