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Query: UMLS:C0277787 (stigma)
 13,352 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are insect vectors of economically important veterinary diseases such as African horse sickness, bluetongue, and Schmallenberg virus. The identification of Culicoides based on morphological features can be difficult. Three species of biting midges, Culicoides nubeculosus, C. stigma, and C. parroti have emerged in the laboratory from mud collected around watering troughs on a farm in northern France. Emerging Culicoides were characterized morphologically and molecularly using molecular markers. The closely related species C. stigma and C.parroti showed highly divergent sequences for both mitochondrial (cytochrome B and cytochrome oxidase I) and ribosomal DNA first internal transcribed spacer. A RFLP based on a single restriction using the same enzyme (HaeIII) for both cytochrome C oxidase I and cytochrome B is proposed to identify these species.
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PMID:Characterization of two cryptic species, Culicoides stigma and C.parroti (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), based on barcode regions and morphology. 2458 54

Stigma is a crucial structure of female reproductive organ in plants. Stigma color is usually regarded as an important trait in variety identification in some species, but the molecular mechanism of stigma color formation remains elusive. Here, we characterized a tomato mutant, yellow stigma (ys), that shows yellow rather than typical green color in the stigma. Analysis of pigment contents revealed that the level of flavonoid naringenin chalcone was increased in the ys stigma, possibly as a result of higher accumulation of p-coumaric acid, suggesting that naringenin chalcone might play a vital role in yellow color control in tomato stigma. To understand the genes and gene networks that regulate tomato stigma color, RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) analyses were performed to compare the transcriptomes of stigmas between ys mutant and wild-type (WT). We obtained 507 differentially expressed genes, in which, 84 and 423 genes were significantly up-regulated and down-regulated in the ys mutant, respectively. Two cytochrome P450 genes, SlC3H1 and SlC3H2 which encode p-coumarate 3-hydroxylases, and six peroxidase genes were identified to be dramatically inhibited in the yellow stigma. Further bioinformatic and biochemical analyses implied that the repression of the two SlC3Hs and six PODs may indirectly lead to higher naringenin chalcone level through inhibiting lignin biosynthesis, thereby contributing to yellow coloration in tomato stigma. Thus, our data suggest that two SlC3Hs and six PODs are involved in yellow stigma formation. This study provides valuable information for dissecting the molecular mechanism of stigma color control in tomato. Statement: This study reveals that two cytochrome P450s (SlC3H1 and SlC3H2) and six peroxidases potentially regulate the yellow stigma formation by indirectly enhancing biosynthesis of yellow-colored naringenin chalcone in the stigma of tomato.
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PMID:Transcriptome Profiling of Tomato Uncovers an Involvement of Cytochrome P450s and Peroxidases in Stigma Color Formation. 2862 Apr 1

Copper deficiency reduces plant growth, male fertility, and seed set. The contribution of copper to female fertility and the underlying molecular aspects of copper deficiency-caused phenotypes are not well known. We show that among copper deficiency-caused defects in Arabidopsis thaliana were also the increased shoot branching, delayed flowering and senescence, and entirely abolished gynoecium fertility. The increased shoot branching of copper-deficient plants was rescued by the exogenous application of auxin or copper. The delayed flowering was associated with the decreased expression of the floral activator, FT. Copper deficiency also decreased the expression of senescence-associated genes, WRKY53 and SAG13, but increased the expression of SAG12. The reduced fertility of copper-deficient plants stemmed from multiple factors including the abnormal stigma papillae development, the abolished gynoecium fertility, and the failure of anthers to dehisce. The latter defect was associated with reduced lignification, the upregulation of copper microRNAs and the downregulation of their targets, laccases, implicated in lignin synthesis. Copper-deficient plants accumulated ROS in pollen and had reduced cytochrome c oxidase activity in both leaves and floral buds. This study opens new avenues for the investigation into the relationship between copper homeostasis, hormone-mediated shoot architecture, gynoecium fertility, and copper deficiency-derived nutritional signals leading to the delay in flowering and senescence.
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PMID:Copper deficiency alters shoot architecture and reduces fertility of both gynoecium and androecium in Arabidopsis thaliana. 3328 40