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Query: UMLS:C0277787 (stigma)
 13,352 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Many individuals with schizophrenia are unaware of the symptoms and consequences of their illness. Unawareness of schizophrenia is linked to poorer adherence to treatment and is a risk factor for a range of poorer outcomes. Paradoxically, the achievement of awareness may lead to depression, low self-esteem and possibly a higher risk of suicide. To explore these issues, this article reviews emerging literature on the correlates of unawareness of illness in schizophrenia, describes advances in how to address unawareness of illness in a treatment setting and discusses newly developing ways of conceptualizing insight. A plan for further research is presented, along with an outline for the development of methodologies to assess awareness of illness as a narrative phenomenon, which calls on a range of neurocognitive and metacognitive capacities, and which must deal with the social stigma linked with mental illness.
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PMID:Lack of awareness of illness in schizophrenia: conceptualizations, correlates and treatment approaches. 1958 52

The purpose of this study was to examine African Americans' lay beliefs and attributions toward suicide. The Attitudes Toward Suicide Scale, Life Ownership Orientation Questionnaire, Stigma Questionnaire, and Suicide Ideation Questionnaire were administered to 251 undergraduate college students. Beliefs about stigma associated with suicide were comparable across ethnic groups. However, African American college students were significantly less likely than European American college students were to attribute suicide to interpersonal problems and to report that the individual or government is responsible for life. African American students were significantly more likely to report that God is responsible for life. These findings have important implications for suicide risk and also for developing culturally appropriate interventions.
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PMID:Lay Theories of Suicide: An Examination of Culturally Relevant Suicide Beliefs and Attributions Among African Americans and European Americans. 1967 79

Recruiting samples with unique characteristics dispersed across services and geography is hard to identify because of legal status and stigma create research challenges. Public health, however, requires sustained recruitment efforts. We describe challenges and solutions in recruiting urban adolescent Latinas who had attempted suicide. Procedures for recruitment and human subject protections were established, yet logistic obstacles emerged. Program directors failed to support the research; therapists were slow to identify subjects and to meet inclusionary criteria; numbers of prospective participants were lower than originally calculated; girls and parents were hard to reach; and interview appointments were missed. From challenges came solutions: to use fewer agencies, do better participant surveillance, monitor staff participation, and build rapport and relationships with staff. In-service research training to develop agency research infrastructure generated support among providers and administrators. Our experience may be helpful to other researchers conducting studies with similar populations.
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PMID:Recruiting Urban Latina Adolescents and Their Families: Challenges and Lessons Learned in Suicide Attempts Research. 1975 36

Psychosis is the most traumatic mental illness influencing both sufferers and their families' quality of life, because of the symptoms and the social stigma. A delay in the recognition of fi rst episode psychosis is unfortunately common being often associated with social functioning decline and worse prognosis. Early detection and intervention could potentially alter the course of this serious illness. We reviewed evidence from the literature on the most recent examples of early intervention in psychosis and on its effectiveness in delaying transition to psychosis, reducing the duration of untreated psychosis, the admission rates, the suicide rates, the treatment costs, as well as preventing relapses and improving the short and long-term symptomatic and functional outcome. The morbidity and mortality associated with schizophrenia spectrum may be improved by a multidisciplinary approach, involving the School, the Primary care and the Information in order to detect as soon as possible the prodromal feelings associated with early psycho-sis. General practitioners are indeed ideally placed to identify mental and emotional changes in the emerging psychotic illnesses and could bridge the gap between specialist mental health services, patients and their families. These are the reasons why mental health should be demanding commitment for both psychiatrists and primary care.
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PMID:[Teaching how to ask for help: social sensitiveness and early intervention in psychosis]. 1979 88

The experience of bereavement by parental suicide is not well understood, as evidenced by the lack of empirically supported interventions for this underserved population. This article reviews quantitative and qualitative research on the psychopathological outcomes and thematic characteristics of childhood and adolescent suicide survivorship and moderating variables such as life stressors, stigma, the manner of communication about the suicide, and the surviving parent's functioning. The authors outline several approaches to intervention and address conceptual and methodological challenges within the field. With the ultimate goal of efficacious intervention, recommendations for future priorities and the use of unconventional research methods are offered.
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PMID:Comprehending childhood bereavement by parental suicide: a critical review of research on outcomes, grief processes, and interventions. 1979 3

Veterinary surgeons are known to be at a higher risk of suicide compared with the general population. There has been much speculation regarding possible mechanisms underlying the increased suicide risk in the profession, but little empirical research. A computerised search of published literature on the suicide risk and influences on suicide among veterinarians, with comparison to the risk and influences in other occupational groups and in the general population, was used to develop a structured review. Veterinary surgeons have a proportional mortality ratio (PMR) for suicide approximately four times that of the general population and around twice that of other healthcare professions. A complex interaction of possible mechanisms may occur across the course of a veterinary career to increase the risk of suicide. Possible factors include the characteristics of individuals entering the profession, negative effects during undergraduate training, work-related stressors, ready access to and knowledge of means, stigma associated with mental illness, professional and social isolation, and alcohol or drug misuse (mainly prescription drugs to which the profession has ready access). Contextual effects such as attitudes to death and euthanasia, formed through the profession's routine involvement with euthanasia of companion animals and slaughter of farm animals, and suicide 'contagion' due to direct or indirect exposure to suicide of peers within this small profession are other possible influences.
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PMID:Veterinary surgeons and suicide: a structured review of possible influences on increased risk. 2040 Jul 48

In this article we present the findings of a qualitative study exploring what suicide survivors in Taiwan experienced after a family member's suicide and how they adjusted to the perceived stigma. Fifteen suicide survivors participated in this study. We found that when a family member's suicide death occurred, survivors first kept a low profile when holding the funeral, and then tried to expel the dead person from their family. They also wished that their grief and painful, shameful feelings could be buried with the dead person. These findings suggest that health care professionals need to work more closely with suicide survivors through understanding the survivors' fear and pain from a sociocultural perspective, and to help them construct a new moral life.
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PMID:A moral life after a suicide death in Taiwan. 2036 May 66

Suicide and intentional self-harm are issues of major importance in public health and public policy, with rates widely used as progress indicators in these areas. Accurate statistics are vital for appropriately targeted prevention strategies and research, costing of suicide and to combat associated stigma. Underreporting of Australian suicide rates probably grew from 2002 to 2006; Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) suicide data were at least 11% or 16% undercounted (depending on case definitions) in 2004. In coronial cases with undetermined intent for 2005 to 2007, intentional self-harm was found in 39%. Systemic reasons for undercounting include: (i) absence of a central authority for producing mortality data; (ii) inconsistent coronial processes for determining intent, as a result of inadequate information inputs, suicide stigma, and high standards of proof; (iii) collection and coding methods that are problematic for data stakeholders; and (iv) lack of systemic resourcing, training and shared expertise. Revision of data after coronial case closure, beginning with ABS deaths registered in 2007, is planned and will reduce undercounting. Other reasons for undercounting, such as missing or ambiguous information (eg, single-vehicle road crashes, drowning), differential ascertainment (eg, between jurisdictions), or lack of recorded information on groups such as Indigenous people and gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender people require separate responses. A systemic coordinated program should address current inaccuracies, and social stigma about suicide and self-harm must be tackled if widespread underreporting is to stop.
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PMID:Achieving standardised reporting of suicide in Australia: rationale and program for change. 2067 58

In the treatment of suicide, hospitalization is still considered one of the therapists' first choices. This alternative is chosen, on one hand, under the false belief that suicide can be predicted and that internment is the most effective intervention to prevent death. On the other hand, the situation elicits high emotional arousal, and therapists might be afraid of legal repercussion. Current experience shows that choosing hospitalization as an automatic response when treating a patient with suicidal behaviors can lead to significant negative effects, including iatrogenic ones. Among them are: stigma, lower perceived self-efficacy, the breakage of therapeutic alliance, and positive reinforcement of nonfatal auto-aggressive behaviors. Distinguishing between different situations included in the suicidal spectrum and considering suicidal behaviors as a dysfunctional mode of problem solving allow therapists to develop adequate strategies for each particular case, thus narrowing the indications to intern. Present article's main objective is to encourage professionals not to consider hospitalization as their first alternative, and that -in case there are firm criteria to intern- they could turn to it as part of a global strategy, minimizing negative effects and with special care in the continuity between the different instances (ambulatory, internment, and post discharge).
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PMID:[Validity of hospitalization criteria in suicide behaviors: why, when, how?]. 2044 Apr 10

We present data from two studies that aimed to investigate stigma against suicide. In Study 1, we employed Milgram et al.'s (1965) "lost letter" technique. We predicted that fewer letters addressed to a fictitious organization with the word "suicide" in its name would be returned than letters addressed to fictitious heart disease or diabetes organizations, presumably due to stigma. Contrary to expectation, there were no differences in the percentage of letters returned for each condition, despite power to detect small effects. In Study 2 we compared scores on the Suicide Opinion Questionnaire (SOQ; Domino, Gibson, Poling, & Westlake, 1980) from a study published in 1988 (Domino, MacGregor, & Hannah, 1988) to scores from a study conducted 19 years later. Results demonstrated reduced stigma toward suicide, with the belief that suicide is morally bad exhibiting the largest change.
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PMID:Reason for cautious optimism? Two studies suggesting reduced stigma against suicide. 2045 51


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