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Query: UMLS:C0277787 (stigma)
 13,352 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Moral disapproval, denigration, and avoidance are part of the stigma toward persons with blindness, as well as other chronic diseases. This stigma can affect adjustment, leading to decreased social and self-acceptance. Health-care professionals share the value and beliefs of society, and by their actions may contribute to the discrediting of the individual. Strategies can be used to increase awareness of the attitudes that health-care professionals hold, as well as assisting blind persons to manage their stigma.
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PMID:Stigma and blindness. 189 41

Leprosy remains one of the world's major blinding diseases and yet few ophthalmologists are aware of the spectrum of ocular complications. Cross-sectional studies of the eye changes in leprosy patients, made under standardised conditions, have been carried out in 24 different leprosy centres throughout the world and the preliminary results are presented. They show that up to 20% of leprosy patients develop sight-threatening lesions and between 5% and 7% are blind (depending on the definition of blindness). Visual impairment in leprosy needs special consideration by leprologists and ophthalmologists, not only because much of it is preventable, but also because it is a severe burden to be added to the problems of mobility and social stigma that characterise this ancient disease.
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PMID:Blindness in leprosy--a forgotten complication. 280 71

To determine to what extent disabled students may be selected and integrated into the regular schools in Nigeria, normal and blind students were compared for differences in selective attention in a task involving letters and numbers. It was predicted that, because of the sociocultural stigma attached to blindness, normal students (n = 21) would perform better than blind students (n = 21). The hypothesis was substantiated.
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PMID:Performance of normal and disabled Nigerian students on a selective attention task. 621 37

This article provides a discussion of deficiencies in the data collection on disabilities in Pakistan, identifies data sources, and makes recommendations for improving the quality of the data. Major trends in disabilities are identified. In Pakistan, there is social stigma attached to persons with disabilities. Disabilities are concealed within families so as not to limit the marriage prospects of relatives who might otherwise be suspected of carrying defective genes. Religion perpetuates superstitions about the disabled. Families bear an extra expense in caring for a disabled member, due to loss of additional labor, increased demands on resources for taking care of the disabled member, and increased need to compensate with higher fertility. There is a lack of social institutional support for care of the disabled. The population censuses of 1961 and 1981 were the first to collect information on the disabled. The inadequacy of census data led to the initiation of a national survey in 1984/85 for collecting data on blindness, deafness, mutism, leprosy, retardation, lameness, and handicaps. A special in-depth survey on disabilities was also conducted in Islamabad and Rawalpindi districts in 1986. This survey focused on mental retardation, visual and hearing disabilities, deformity and wasting of the limbs, and physical disabilities, such as paralysis. This survey was the most valid but it was not comparable to prior surveys. Trends indicate a smaller number of disabled at older ages. Specific disabilities by age showed some peculiar age patterns that suggest unreliability. Data from the 1984/85 survey show higher sex ratios for all disabilities for certain provinces compared to the national ratios. If the trend accurately reflects increased disabilities, the education of high risk groups must be improved, accessibility to medical care must be increased, and the population needs to be educated about the disabled. Government social programs need more accurate assessments of the causes of disability and the extent and duration of disablement.
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PMID:The population of persons with disabilities in Pakistan. 1231 84

X-linked juvenile retinoschisis is a rare progressive vitreoretinal degenerative process that appears in early childhood, results in decreased visual acuity and blindness (if severe), and is caused by various mutations within the XLRS1 gene at Xp22.2. We report an affected family of Western European ancestry with X-linked juvenile retinoschisis. The family was found to carry a 304C-->T substitution in exon 4 of the XLRS1 gene, resulting in an Arg102Trp amino acid substitution. Two of the four available clinical cases in this family were found to carry the mutation. All available mothers of affected males were found to be unaffected carriers of the mutation, a typical feature of X-linked diseases. Two new female carriers, sisters of affected males, were identified and counseled accordingly. Questionnaires on visual functioning were given to the affected family members to examine the psychologic and sociologic impact of X-linked juvenile retinoschisis, which documented an associated stigma even when affected with a "mild" phenotype.
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PMID:Unusual phenotypic expression of an XLRS1 mutation in X-linked juvenile retinoschisis. 1690 Sep 31

ABSTRACT X-linked juvenile retinoschisis is a rare progressive vitreoretinal degenerative process that appears in early childhood, results in decreased visual acuity and blindness (if severe), and is caused by various mutations within the XLRS1 gene at Xp22.2. We report an affected family of Western European ancestry with X-linked juvenile retinoschisis. The family was found to carry a 304C-->T substitution in exon 4 of the XLRS1 gene, resulting in an Arg102Trp amino acid substitution. Two of the four available clinical cases in this family were found to carry the mutation. All available mothers of affected males were found to be unaffected carriers of the mutation, a typical feature of X-linked diseases. Two new female carriers, sisters of affected males, were identified and counseled accordingly. Questionnaires on visual functioning were given to the affected family members to examine the psychologic and sociologic impact of X-linked juvenile retinoschisis, which documented an associated stigma even when affected with a "mild" phenotype. (J Child Neurol 2006;21:331-333; DOI 10.2310/7010.2006.00085).
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PMID:Unusual Phenotypic Expression of an XLRS1 Mutation in X-Linked Juvenile Retinoschisis. 1690 36

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is aptly called the modern day 'plague' and has the potential to decimate people in the productive age group. On the other hand, the increasing life expectancy in developing countries spirals age-related blindness. One therefore reduces economic productivity while the other increases economic dependency. Both lead to increased expenditure of households though in different proportions. Human immunodeficiency virus and blindness are both associated with discrimination, stigma and long-term consequences. They impact the socioeconomic fabric of the affected individuals, communities and countries. The loss in productivity and the cost of support to the affected individuals are seen in both. Each is a potent problem on its own but together they spell disaster in geometric proportions rather than a simple additive effect. Strategies need to be evolved to provide solace and improve the quality of life of an HIV-positive blind individual.
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PMID:The socioeconomic impact of human immunodeficiency virus / acquired immune deficiency syndrome in India and its relevance to eye care. 1871 Dec 68

The pregnancy is associated with modifications involving multiple systems and organs, including the eye. The retinal vascular changes are present in 30-100% of the PE cases. The most frequent ocular modification is the vasoconstriction of the retinal arterioles. The exudative retinal detachment is a rare cause (under 1%) of visual loss in the PE-E syndrome, being produced by the involvement of the choroidal vascularization. Most cases of blindness during pregnancy have been determined by cortical, occipital anomalies, the used terminology in these circumstances being cortical blindness. The pathogenesis of the Purtscher retinopathy is the embolism of the retinal arterioles, by leucocytic aggregation, as a response to the activation of the complement. The evaluation of the ophthalmic arterial flow by eco Doppler might offer new perspectives regarding the understanding of the physiopathology, the diagnosis and the quantification of the PE severity. The decrease of the IP values and the increase of the median velocity in the ophthalmic artery in pregnant women with PE, suggest a hyperperfusion process and the decrease of the vascular resistances at the level of the orbital vessels, but also in the CNS. In the severe forms of PE, the increase of the impedance of the orbital vessels has been noted. The described vascular changes cannot disappear completely 6 weeks after birth; a residual arteriolar constriction might persist, as a permanent stigma of the PE. The evaluation, monitoring, therapeutical approach of the patients with PE must be performed by a complete team: obstetrician, ophthalmologist, neurologist, radiologist, in order to decrease the materno-fetal risks and improve the prognosis of PE.
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PMID:[Ocular changes in preeclampsia]. 1906 9

Age Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of registerable blindness with a high medical and societal cost burden. Much of the research examining experiences of living with AMD has been conducted independently with small sample sizes and has failed to impact on practice. Meta-synthesis of qualitative research can improve the understanding of the experience of living with AMD by drawing together findings of qualitative studies. This article presents a systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative studies investigating the experience of AMD (literature searched up to April 2012; published studies identified range from 1996 to 2009). The review highlights themes relating to: functional limitations, adaptation and independence; feelings about the future with vision impairment; interaction with the health service; social engagement; disclosure; and the emotional impacts of living with AMD. Attention to the experience of living with AMD can help us to better understand the needs of patients. This meta-synthesis aimed to bring together the findings of qualitative research studies and highlights important areas for consideration when caring for patients with AMD. Our findings suggest that a holistic approach to service provision and support for AMD is needed which takes into account individuals' needs and experiences when coping with and adjusting to living with AMD. This support should aim to reduce stigma, increase social engagement, and develop the psychological resources of patients with AMD.
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PMID:What do we know about the experience of age related macular degeneration? A systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative research. 2270 45

This study aims to explore the life experiences of Iranian leprosy patients in health, family and economic dimensions. Mycobacterium leprae is responsible for leprosy, a type of chronic inflammatory disease that existed from ancient times, still hearing the name of leprosy creates an awful imagination of cutting the organ, blindness and isolation and it has still remained as a serious social problem. The patients are confronted with particular problems physically and mentally. The phenomenological tradition was used to gain knowledge of the leprosy patients lived experiences. Data analysis method was based on Colaizzi's approach. This is a qualitative research using purposeful sampling, interviewing the leprosy patients referring to a contagious diseases department of the Health Network of Nourabad Lorestan City. Data were collected by interviews those were analyzed in Colaizzi's Methods to extract the conceptual codes. Some concepts obtained from the analysis of data in the study such as physical, psychological, social, family, economic experiences, cultural beliefs of society, the context for tendency toward defect and disability and social stigma. These findings suggest that health care professionals should pay attention not only to leprosy patients to reduce their physical and psychological but also to the community and public culture to reduce the leprosy patients suffering from social stigma. The results of the present study can help us in a better understanding of all aspects of patients' lived experiences.
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PMID:An exploration of health, family and economic experiences of leprosy patients, Iran. 2450 49


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