Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0277787 (stigma)
 13,352 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Tanzanians have a low life expectancy (49 years), high death rate (15.1/1000), and high fertility rate (6.5). Women have been subject to sexual discrimination even before colonialism. Tradition sustains sexual discrimination today, which keeps women at a low social status and in poor health. Programs need to train women to become more assertive and teach skills which facilitate economic and professional development. Women need to be involved in development. Even though the Tanzanian government has a free health care system, insufficient transportation prevents childbirth emergencies from being managed. Yet, the national health policy calls for the elimination of discrimination against women in health care. Maternal and child health services focus on the baby's health. Breast feeding can further weaken a malnourished woman. Lack of transportation and low contraceptive prevalence (5-7%) restrict women's use of family planning services. Tanzania has officially adopted the Safe Motherhood Initiative, but commitment from all groups is needed. Many women suffer from domestic violence, but the issue is ignored. Some tribes still practice female circumcision. Another form of social control is childhood marriage, which both tradition and the law uphold. Early marriage and teenage pregnancies prevent women from completing their education. The government has a course to train traditional birth attendants which improves their standard of care. Customary marriage laws consider wives to be property. Divorce carries a considerable social stigma. In 1990, the Tanzanian government created a ministry to coordinate women and children issues. Obstacles to improving women's health are poverty, harmful traditional practices, customary laws that support discrimination against women, and Tanzania's poor economy.
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PMID:Factors that influence women's health in Tanzania. 816 70

This study assesses patterns of use of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or 'ecstasy'), and the characteristics of users, in a sample of 733 men who have sex with men (MSM) in New York City. Among respondents, 13.7% reported using MDMA in the past 6 months, with mean frequency of use of 6.24 times in that period. MDMA users were found to be younger, less educated, to have had more male partners, more one night stands with men, more visits to bars or clubs and sex clubs or bathhouses, to have unprotected anal sex with a male, to be likely to have been the victim of physical domestic violence, to have more gay/bisexual friends, to have disclosed their sexual orientation to more friends, family members, and coworkers, and to have higher levels of gay community participation and affiliation. Among MDMA users, higher frequency of MDMA use was associated with being younger, having more visits to bars or clubs, more gay/bisexual friends, and having an HIV negative test result or never having been tested. MDMA users thus constitute a group at risk for sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV, and other problems. The data suggest that MDMA use is associated with being more 'out', which may be advantageous in helping gay men deal with harmful psychological effects of stigma, but may place individuals in settings that expose them to MDMA. These men have also presumably already been well exposed to safer sex messages within the gay community, thus raising challenges for interventions aimed at prevention, as well as opportunities (e.g. MSM and community specific interventions) that need to be further explored.
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PMID:MDMA ('ecstasy') use, and its association with high risk behaviors, mental health, and other factors among gay/bisexual men in New York City. 1190 99

In spite of an influx of Western propaganda concerning the superiority of marriages based on love, a 1994 opinion poll of 1715 adults in 5 urban centers in India found that 74% of men and women believe arranged marriages are more likely to succeed. Self-arranged marriages without the consent or participation of parents are rejected by most Indians due to the isolation from family support that will ensue should the marriage fail. If an arranged marriage develops problems, all members of the extended family network rally around to help find solutions. Similarly, most women who experience domestic violence in a marriage arranged by their parents are assured of shelter with their family. Proponents of arranged marriages note that in the West, where partners are selected on the basis of love, spousal abuse is no less common than in India and the infatuation and sexual attraction that form the basis of the marriage are time-limited. Compatibility--the basis of enduring marriages--is more likely when both partners respect each other's family and cultural background and are from the same kinship group. For arranged marriages to be fully secure, however, the following conditions should exist: female economic self-sufficiency, the husband's commitment to family responsibility, compatibility and respect between in-laws, community norms against abusive behavior on the part of husbands, stigma against men divorcing their wife for a younger woman, and commitment on the part of the wife's family to support here financially and emotionally if she faces domestic violence.
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PMID:Love and marriage. 1228 24

Many individuals newly infected with HIV struggle with psychosocial influences, such as poverty, stigma, depression, substance abuse, domestic violence, and/or cultural beliefs, which can affect their quality of life (QoL), willingness to seek medical care, and motivation to adhere to therapy, ultimately influencing health outcomes. The Health Resources and Services Administration established the Ryan White Care Act (RWCA) to provide health care to people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH). Part F of the RWCA, the Special Projects of National Significance (SPNS) Program, focuses on identifying issues affecting care for PLWH. One cohort of SPNS grantees has identified numerous needs and vulnerabilities of underserved HIV-infected patients and supports the development of innovative HIV/AIDS ancillary services for them. In this article, a review of the underlying psychosocial sequelae of HIV infection and their impact on QoL is presented, and recommendations for providers to assist in improving the QoL of PLWH are discussed.
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PMID:Quality of life in the HIV-positive patient: implications and consequences. 1558 5

This paper explores the magnitude of physical violence by husbands, the disclosure of it and the help-seeking behavior of abused women in urban and rural Bangladesh. The data come from a larger study on domestic violence against women conducted in Bangladesh during 2000-2004. All ever-married women covered by the population-based survey component (n=2702) conducted in 2001 were included in the current analysis. We also draw on in-depth interviews with 28 women who were physically abused by their husbands. Results show a high prevalence of lifetime physical spousal violence against women: 40% in urban and 42% in rural areas. Most of the abused women (66%) were silent about their experience. The main reasons behind this silence were high acceptance of violence, stigma and fear of greater harm. Sixty percent of urban and 51% of rural abused women never received any help from others. Only 2% ever sought help from institutional sources, from where support was not forthcoming. Women approached these sources only when they could not endure anymore or the violence became life threatening or children were at risk. The findings show that although providing appropriate services is absolutely necessary, it is also important to foster the use of such services and to help women overcome the barriers for accessing these services.
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PMID:Physical violence by husbands: magnitude, disclosure and help-seeking behavior of women in Bangladesh. 1642 17

This article describes the experiences with depression of women with young children living in ethnically and culturally diverse, low-income communities. A qualitative ethnographic design using a focus group process was implemented in 15 communities. Despite great diversity in ethnic and cultural backgrounds, these women of color reported similar experiences with depression and described: a range of social risk factors, including domestic violence, isolation, language barriers, and difficulties with schools and other public systems; lack of access to high quality, culturally competent health and mental health services; reliance primarily on informal systems of care--relatives, friends, peers--in dealing with their depression, although many also reported good relationships with primary care practitioners. They identified: the specialty mental health sector as one to which they seldom turned for assistance, citing stigma, lack of insurance coverage, cultural beliefs, and attitudes of providers as barriers; a number of strategies for outreach and engagement with mental health providers; qualitative measures of maternal depression among women with young children; and, strategies for reaching and engaging culturally diverse mothers.
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PMID:Depression among low-income women of color: qualitative findings from cross-cultural focus groups. 1823 57

Gender shapes the experience of drug use and its associated risks. In most parts of the world, however, harm reduction and drug treatment programmes that tailor their services to meet women's needs are rare or nonexistent. Many existing services inadvertently exclude women, and discriminatory policies and social stigma drive women drug users from care and expose them to human rights abuses. Women drug users often provide sex in exchange for housing, sustenance and protection, suffer violence from sexual partners and practise unsafe sex. This paper, drawing upon evidence from existing studies, examines ways in which gender-related factors can increase women drug users' vulnerability and decrease their access to harm reduction, drug treatment and sexual and reproductive health services. It recommends designing services with low-threshold access for women drug users that help them to become more independent, involving the women in designing services and policies, making programmes available for mothers, incorporating sexual and reproductive health into harm reduction services, providing gender-sensitive drug treatment and integrated harm reduction programmes for drug-using sex workers, connecting with domestic violence and rape prevention services and educating mainstream providers. Overall, investigating the circumstances women drug users face will help to formulate policies and programmes that better serve women who use drugs.
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PMID:Women, harm reduction and HIV. 1851 18

Most domestic violence (DV) researchers examine professional intervention (e.g., police and nurses), but informal helpers (e.g., friends and bystanders) are critical. The authors measure undergraduates' intervention likelihood, type of involvement (i.e., contact with abuser), and the influence of attribution decisions in DV situations where the abuser's sex is manipulated. Self-esteem and other personal variables are not found to be influential, but participants intervene more when the abuser is male and if they have experienced childhood abuse. The influence of attributions in DV situations is influenced by the sex of the attacker and severity of the attack. Participants' attributions for male attackers predict intervention in severe cases of DV; attributions of drunkenness predict more intervention. In general, informal male helpers choose more risky types of intervention than female helpers do, and more aggressive individuals choose less helpful behaviors than those lower in aggression. Stigma reduction associated with DV and intervention, especially among male victims, and the importance of encouraging appropriate involvement among helpers are discussed.
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PMID:Sex, attribution, and severity influence intervention decisions of informal helpers in domestic violence. 1925 71

International evidence suggests that in advanced welfare states the abuse of parents, most particularly mothers, by their (most frequently male) adolescent children is increasingly prevalent. In the United Kingdom, however, child-to-mother abuse remains one of the most under-acknowledged and under-researched forms of family violence. Although it is an issue shrouded in silence, stigma, and shame, the authors' work in the youth justice sphere, focusing on interventions to deal with anti-social behaviour, suggests that adolescent violence toward mothers is a topical and prevalent issue. We identify different ways of conceptualizing it in the policy realms of youth justice, child welfare, and domestic violence. The behaviour of both child/young person and mother is constructed in ways which inform the assignment of blame and responsibility. The paper highlights the silence that surrounds the issue in both the policy and wider academic spheres, hiding the failure of service providers to respond to this very destructive form of intimate interpersonal violence.
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PMID:Mother abuse: a matter of youth justice, child welfare or domestic violence? 2072 45

Low-income women of color who are HIV positive and living in violent relationships are at significant risk for stigma and problems with attachment security. This article explores the ways in which these women may experience internalized stigma from incorporating society's negative views of HIV and domestic violence. It also addresses the ways in which insecure attachment may develop or intensify in this population through violence in their adult intimate relationships and/or living with a life threatening illness. A model of medical and psychosocial care utilized at the Women's HIV Program at the University of California San Francisco is offered as an intervention to reduce stigma and enhance healthy attachment. Clinical examples demonstrate how this system of medical and psychosocial care can help women in this situation establish stability and improve their lives despite the intense challenges they face.
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PMID:Understanding and addressing stigma and attachment insecurity in HIV-positive women who experience intimate partner violence: a model of medical and psychosocial care. 2244 2


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