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Query: UMLS:C0277787 (stigma)
 13,352 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Many scientific and medical techniques exist to intervene and alter the natural process of pregnancy and childbirth. Examples include contraceptive techniques such as the contraceptive pill and IUDs, instrumental and caesarian deliveries, amniocentesis and ultrasound, in-vitro fertilization, test tube babies, and artificial wombs. These services are provided by governments and private medicare institutions. Little, however, is known about private sector involvement in this area except that the number of private facilities is increasing in both urban and rural areas of India, and that private facilities include clinics, nursing homes, diagnostic centers, and corporate hospitals for both inpatient and outpatient care. With practitioners enjoying wide latitude to recommend and carry out tests and services, unlimited profit-making potential exists. Nursing homes focus primarily upon pregnancy, childbirth, and family planning. 40% of nursing homes and corporate hospitals in Hyderabad had ultrasound testing facilities, while amniocentesis is conducted widely in private clinics and hospitals around the country. 84% of private gynecologists in Bombay conduct sex determination tests which often lead to the abortion of female fetuses. 73% of nursing homes in Delhi had an ultrasound machine, with 80% of facilities using the machines for sex determination testing. Concerns over the cost of raising and marrying off daughters lures clients to test the sex of fetuses and not carry females to term. Hospitals and clinics also capitalize upon the social stigma of marital infertility by promoting the treatment of infertility and in-vitro fertilization. Moreover, responding to government incentives to provide comprehensive family planning services, many private clinics and nursing homes claim to offer services even when they do not. Private nursing homes and clinics offer services to maximize profit. As public spending for programs continues to be slashed and the role of private institutions increases, more attention needs to be given to monitoring the quality of services.
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PMID:Reproductive technologies and the private sector -- implications for women's health. 1228 56

On April 6, 1995, in New Delhi, India, demonstrators with the group AIDS Bhedbhav Virodhi Andolan (ABVA) protested against the death of an AIDS patient in Calcutta due to medical negligence. They observed two minutes of silence in the memory of Dipak Biswas and carried signs stating Fight AIDS Not AIDS Patients, AIDS Patients Have Human Rights, and Wake Up, National Human Rights Commission. The demonstrators also submitted a memorandum to the Chairman of the National Human Rights Commission and a 26-page report entitled Who's Afraid of AIDS drafted by the Drug Action Forum and the Health Services Association. The report accuses three well-known medical institutions in Calcutta for insensitive treatment of Dipak, and it brings to light the subsequent victimization of his family following his death. Dipak's brother was dismissed from his job. His mother and sister were forced to leave the area. Some important health care questions and human rights issues the report brings up include: despite the commitment of the central and state governments to provide treatment to AIDS patients, AIDS patients tend not to receive care; hospital personnel from top management down are unaware of WHO guidelines on the management of AIDS patients and of the ethical norms concerning confidentiality; and AIDS patients and their families have no one to help them with treatment or with the social stigma. In the case of Dipak, hospital personnel did not tell his family that he had AIDS but told the press and members of the funeral party, who declined to touch his body. ABVA promotes AIDS-related human rights issues, such as the rights of gays, sex workers, prisoners, international travelers, and professional blood donors. The group documents inappropriate practices. For example, some companies practice arbitrary blood testing of employees and prospective recruits without their informed consent. They then fire or refuse to hire persons found to be HIV positive.
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PMID:Health care and human rights. 1231 87

Leprosy is one of the most socially stigmatized diseases known today. Social stigma is associated mainly due to the prevalent myths like its hereditary and contagious nature, divine curse along with the physical deformities caused. The affected people not only face physical impairments but also suffer psychosocial repercussions due to the community's attitude. The long-term physical and psychosocial restrictions slowly push the leprosy-affected person out of the society. With lack of social support and self-confidence, some dehabilitated leprosy-affected persons end up as beggars. The present study focuses on the long-term consequences of leprosy. It is based on case studies of leprosy-affected beggars in Delhi. The process of dehabilitation in each case has been studied. It has been found that dehabilitation is a continuous process. The combination of leprosy, physical impairments and social stigma causing further participation restriction, lead to dehabilitation of people affected by leprosy, and ending in a state of beggary for some. There is a need to develop a holistic approach including both prevention of dehabilitation and rehabilitation of those dehabilitated to overcome both the disease and its consequences. Measures to prevent such dehabilitation in future along with the rehabilitation of leprosy-affected beggars have been suggested. Both these measures should take place simultaneously.
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PMID:Dehabilitation of leprosy-affected people--a study on leprosy-affected beggars. 1457 75

The reproductive biology encompassing phenology, floral biology, pollination and breeding systems, of Butea monosperma, a beautiful tree of the Indian subcontinent, was investigated in a protected dry, deciduous forest located in New Delhi. Phenological studies indicated that although the species shows a regular flowering season, all trees do not flower every year. Flowers are typically papilionaceous; the stigma is wet papillate and the style is hollow. The flowers show characteristics of bird pollination being large and bright orange-red in colour with copious amounts of nectar, and exhibiting diurnal anthesis. Although the flowers are frequented by as many as seven species of birds belonging to six families, only one species, the purple sunbird (Nectarinia asiatica), is the effective pollinator. The flowers are also pollinated by the three-striped squirrel (Funambulus tristiatus). Unlike other flower visitors, these two pollinators forage the nectar from the open side of the keel (legitimate path) during which pollen grains are deposited on their body parts. After the first visit of a sunbird or a squirrel, virgin flowers showed pollen load on the stigma and developed into fruits. B. monosperma shows a weak form of self-incompatibility. Fruit set following manual self-pollination (5.25 %) was comparable with open-pollination (approx. 5 %) but was significantly lower than manual cross-pollination (22.51 %). This indicates that there is a high degree of geitonogamous pollination in this species, which may lead to a weakening of self-incompatibility as a means of reproductive assurance. The results are analysed in the light of prevailing discussions on specialized vs. generalized pollination systems.
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PMID:Reproductive biology of Butea monosperma (Fabaceae). 1450 Mar 27

This study examined stigmatizing attitudes toward HIV/AIDS among predominantly middle-class adolescents in New Delhi high schools. This study was specifically designed to: 1) assess stigmatizing attitudes toward HIV/AIDS and sexuality; HIV/AIDS knowledge, and awareness of HIV-related health resources; and 2) examine whether HIV-related stigma and knowledge are related to one another and to gender, parents' education, and exposure to HIV/AIDS education. In four high schools in New Delhi, 186 students completed a questionnaire assessing stigmatization of HIV/AIDS, stigmatization of sexuality, knowledge of HIV/AIDS, HIV/AIDS education and resources, and demographic characteristics. Adolescents varied in how much they stigmatized persons with HIV/AIDS. They generally lacked accurate knowledge about the disease and of related health resources. However, those with greater exposure to HIV/AIDS education demonstrated significantly greater HIV/AIDS knowledge. Female adolescents demonstrated significantly less knowledge about HIV/AIDS compared with male adolescents, while the males reported significantly greater exposure to HIV/AIDS education compared with the females. These results suggest a need for greater HIV/AIDS education and awareness of health resources, especially among female adolescents. Education must directly address stigmatizing attitudes about HIV/AIDS, gaps in HIV/AIDS knowledge and awareness of HIV-related health resources.
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PMID:HIV/AIDS stigma and knowledge among predominantly middle-class high school students in New Delhi, India. 1737 Jun 90

The present study was conducted to assess awareness and perception regarding tuberculosis among the general population of Delhi. A total of 1008 adults, selected by multistage stratified systematic sampling, were interviewed using a pre-tested proforma. The majority had heard about tuberculosis (99.1%) and most (89.2%) perceived it to be an infectious disease. The correct mode of transmission i.e. airborne (coughing/sneezing) was known to 71.8% study subjects. The majority (90.1%) knew cough as a symptom. Nearly all (98.2%) perceived Tuberculosis to be a preventable disease, citing the treatment of patients as the mainstay of preventing spread of the disease. However, responses like separation of utensils or hospitalisation of the patient to prevent the spread of the disease indicate persistence of stigma and discrimination in a small proportion of the population. There is a need to widen the scope and intensify the information and education being provided to the population based on gaps identified.
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PMID:Awareness and perception about tuberculosis in the general population of Delhi. 1805 May 58

AIDS-related stigma and discrimination remain pervasive problems in health care institutions worldwide. This paper reports on stigma-related baseline findings from a study in New Delhi, India to evaluate the impact of a stigma-reduction intervention in three large hospitals. Data were collected via in-depth interviews with hospital staff and HIV-infected patients, surveys with hospital workers (884 doctors, nurses and ward staff) and observations of hospital practices. Interview findings highlighted drivers and manifestations of stigma that are important to address, and that are likely to have wider relevance for other developing country health care settings. These clustered around attitudes towards hospital practices, such as informing family members of a patient's HIV status without his/her consent, burning the linen of HIV-infected patients, charging HIV-infected patients for the cost of infection control supplies, and the use of gloves only with HIV-infected patients. These findings informed the development and evaluation of a culturally appropriate index to measure stigma in this setting. Baseline findings indicate that the stigma index is sufficiently reliable (alpha = 0.74). Higher scores on the stigma index--which focuses on attitudes towards HIV-infected persons--were associated with incorrect knowledge about HIV transmission and discriminatory practices. Stigma scores also varied by type of health care providers--physicians reported the least stigmatising attitudes as compared to nursing and ward staff in the hospitals. The study findings highlight issues particular to the health care sector in limited-resource settings. To be successful, stigma-reduction interventions, and the measures used to assess changes, need to take into account the sociocultural and economic context within which stigma occurs.
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PMID:Understanding and measuring AIDS-related stigma in health care settings: a developing country perspective. 1807 13

People living with HIV/AIDS (PLHAs) continue to face stigma and discrimination in society. The felt needs of PLHAs can be met by means of a comprehensive, holistic, and integrated approach by the concerned sectors. This study included 100 PLHAs admitted at 3 care homes run by nongovernmental organizations in New Delhi. As many as 22% of the patients had been diagnosed with pulmonary Koch's. Unemployment rates were found to increase after disease onset. Majority were satisfied with the medical treatment and overall care provided at these centers. About 25% expressed that they would like the government to provide them with suitable jobs. Less than one third (30%) of the PLHAs expressed satisfaction with their family life whereas the rest yearned for love and acceptance from society. Study findings highlight the important role of nongovernmental organizations and stresses on the need for a holistic approach toward the care of these people.
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PMID:An assessment of felt needs and expectations of people living with HIV/AIDS seeking treatment at NGOs in Delhi, India. 1944 73

Tuberculosis control programs have recognized and addressed those system components in which knowledge and behavior of the patient and the general population are key issues because they have a profound influence on the treatment-seeking behavior and completion of course of treatment. As a part of the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program, the ongoing information, education, and communication (IEC) efforts in Delhi were further intensified in the form of a multipronged media campaign. The objectives of this study are to evaluate (a) the impact of the campaign on awareness generation among the target audiences, (b) their opinion for making the campaign more effective and suited to their needs, and (c) perceptions of health personnel regarding the campaign. The study follows a descriptive cross-sectional design. The following qualitative methods were used: (a) focus group discussions of patients and the general population, (b) 3 key informant interviews of the health care personnel and a defaulter patient, and (c) in-depth interviews of 20 DOTS (directly observed treatment, short course) providers. The study observed that (a) different sociocultural segments of the population varied in terms of their observations of IEC messages, (b) stigma associated with tuberculosis is widely prevalent despite having a campaign, and ( c) television was voted as the most effective IEC medium. IEC strategies should be tailor-made and suited to the needs of a particular subpopulation.
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PMID:A qualitative evaluation of the information, education, and communication component of the tuberculosis control program in Delhi, India. 1944 76

In what is considered by many to be a landmark decision on equality and non-discrimination in India, the Delhi High Court declared in July 2009 that Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, which criminalizes people who engage in "unnatural offences", violates the rights to equality, freedom from discrimination, and life and personal liberty, pursuant to the India Constitution (Constitution). The court also agreed with the petitioner in the case that the law severely impairs HIV/AIDS prevention efforts by discouraging men who have sex with men (MSM) from participating for fear of stigma, discrimination and police abuse under the guise of enforcing the Section.
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PMID:India: Delhi high court annuls law criminalizing adult homosexual relations. 2022 20


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