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Query: UMLS:C0277787 (stigma)
 13,352 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Alcoholism, the most prevalent form of drug dependence, has become a problem for large numbers of women. The research literature on alcoholism in women is reviewed, with suggestions for treatment and future research. The greater stigma placed upon female intoxication has made it difficult to obtain reliable data and has contributed to the tendency to ignore the problem altogether. Furthermore, the greater stigma has resulted in guilt because the woman alcoholic is likely to share society's opinion of herself, and this stigma/guilt/shame factor is viewed by the authors as one of the main difficulties in recovery. Certain recurring characteristics among alcoholic women are listed, and the impact on children is briefly discussed. Treatment suggestions include offering women alternatives during rehabilitation.
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1978
PMID:Alcoholism and women. 35 25

Alcoholism is a major problem in our society and it is an increasing problem among American Jews. The sociocultural attitudes that equates Jewish identity with sobriety in contrast to drunkenness among non-Jews seems the major factor that accounts for the low rate of alcoholism among Jews. Alcohol problems increase when Jews lose their Jewish identity through less involvement with traditional religious practices, or in situations where it is difficult or impossible to maintain a Jewish identification such as in the military or in college, or when Jews live in a society where the dominant groups are not prone to drunkenness as in North Africa or Yemen. The Jewish experience with alcohol can be applied along with techniques designed to reduce the per capita consumption of alcohol as a means to prevent the development of alcoholism in our society. Recognition and treatment of alcoholism in Jews may be more difficult because of the severe stigma attached to alcoholism, but educating staff of social agencies and rabbis about alcoholism, and opening the doors of synagogues to AA meetings may lessen this stigma and help Jews who develop drinking problems go for treatment early in the course of their illness.
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1977
PMID:Sociopsychiatric perspectives on Jewish alcohol abuse: implications for the prevention of alcoholism. 61 97

While the permissive attitude of our society promotes the use of alcohol in a wide variety of ways, alcohol addiction is a social stigma. Addictive alcohol abuse often arises from an acquired habit of drinking to reduce conflict and tension. A social history may reveal the patient's weaknesses and his resources. It has been shown that alcoholics have inadequate capabilities (resources) for dealing with stressful situations. With respect to the prevention of alcohol misuse in our society, a new health awareness might help reduce an individual's "alcohol risk".
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PMID:[Alcoholism as a social problem. The alcoholic patient in a permissive societies--possibilities for prevention]. 857 12

This study uses the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse to examine mental health consequences and treatment utilization among nonmetropolitan and rural adults. The study employs an ecological system perspective, dividing the study population into three groups: nonmetropolitan-rural, nonmetropolitan-urban, and metropolitan-rural. Logistic regression analysis is used to examine four sets of factors related to self-report of mental health problems among drug-using adults, including community level features, family characteristics, personal characteristics, and stress factors. Perceived ease of purchasing cocaine, number of moves in last five years, employment in blue-collar occupations, number of jobs in last five years, and residence in neighborhoods with a low rate (< 10%) of minority households were significantly related to self-report problems. Results of the analysis are discussed in terms of barriers to utilization of treatment and rehabilitation services among nonmetropolitan and rural adults, such as availability and access to facilities and professional services, social stigma, ability to afford services, and the difficulty for rural communities to support inhospital and outpatient services.
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1997 Aug
PMID:Illegal drug use among rural adults: mental health consequences and treatment utilization. 926 93

This paper reports on referral sources and the disposition of 409 problem drinkers who were contacted over a two-year period for participation in a 17-week alcohol abuse treatment program. A longitudinal follow-up design was used with 103 persons to evaluate various learning-based techniques in moderating their drinking habits. Referrals were analyzed by source (75% were legal referrals), percentage completing the program (70%, 72%, and 69% for self, legal, and mental health referrals), and "success" at one year. Legal referrals reported a significantly smaller pretreatment alcohol intake than self and mental health referrals. However, the decrease in alcohol intake for legal and nonlegal referrals were almost identical. The stigma of alcoholism as a disease and the coercion associated with referral by legal agencies were considered to be factors in acceptance of treatment and in treatment outcome.
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PMID:The referral problem in the field of alcohol abuse. 1024 51

Despite evidence for the importance of significant others in the recovery process, little is known about male partners of female substance abusers. This paper presents a qualitative exploratory study conducted to learn more about male partners of crack/cocaine-addicted women and specifically examines the men's influence on the treatment and recovery process of their female partners. Subjects were found to have an extensive history of substance abuse and some experience with treatment; three-quarters were active crack/cocaine users. Although their attitude toward women's substance abuse was negative and their opinion of treatment for women positive, men's behavioral support for their partners was usually passive and inconsistent. Reasons are discussed why male partners of female drug users in treatment generally were resistant to active participation in family-oriented treatment: the men's active drug use, their desire to maintain the status quo in the relationship, possible focus on their own recovery, divergent views about treatment goals, and the desire to minimize stigma by association.
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1999 Nov
PMID:Male partners of substance-abusing women in treatment: an exploratory study. 1054 38

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a condition characterized by hepatomegaly, elevated serum aminotransferase levels, and a histologic picture similar to alcoholic hepatitis in the absence of alcohol abuse. Most patients with NASH are obese women, and many have diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, or hypertriglyceridemia. NASH has also been associated with a number of metabolic conditions, surgical procedures, and drug treatments. Most patients are asymptomatic. The most common sign of NASH is hepatomegaly. Stigmata of chronic liver disease are rare. Laboratory abnormalities include a 2-4-fold elevation of serum aminotransferase levels; other liver function test results are usually normal. Histologically, there is moderate to severe macrovesicular steatosis and lobular hepatitis with necrosis or ballooning degeneration and/or fibrosis. The pathogenesis of NASH is poorly understood, but lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress are the leading culprits. The natural history of NASH is unknown, but NASH seems to be a stable disease in most patients. Treatment of NASH is unproven, but weight reduction is recommended in obese patients. Small pilot studies of several drugs have shown promise, but large randomized clinical trials are awaited. Orthotopic liver transplantation is the treatment of choice for end-stage liver disease secondary to NASH.
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PMID:Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. 1152 55

Despite the mistaken belief in Central America that AIDS is primarily a disease of male homosexuals, some 21% of reported cases in Guatemala have been women 15-44 years old. Many Guatemalan women are at risk of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) because of their lack of sexual bargaining power and negotiating skills, the widespread acceptance of male infidelity in marriage, tolerance of bisexual relations and frequenting of prostitutes, and ignorance of women about sexuality. Condom use is infrequent in Guatemala. Most men and women lack knowledge of AIDS and other STDs and have no perception of their own vulnerability. Male alcohol use and violence against women diminishes the ability of women to protect themselves. Sex education and information about STDs should be provided for both men and women to slow the spread of AIDS. AIDS educators should direct their messages to women toward promoting condom use, increasing knowledge of AIDS and STDs, providing basic sex education, questioning stereotypes of AIDS patients as persons with disordered lifestyles, encouraging realistic assessment of risks, and assisting women to increase their negotiating ability in sexual relations. Three crucial ways of helping women protect themselves are by making them aware of the influence of gender roles in their reproductive lives, teaching them communication and negotiating skills, and providing strategies for them to confront alcohol abuse and gender violence. Survey results indicate that Guatemalan women were extremely motivated to protect their children and secondarily to maintain their homes and be good wives. Motivational messages for AIDS prevention should be related to children and the family. Men were found to be concerned about their families as well and to fear the stigma of HIV infection. Educational techniques for AIDS prevention should be accessible to the illiterate and should focus on life stories or similar methods that make AIDS seem less abstract to those who have had no direct experience with the disease.
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PMID:[Women of Guatemala City: facilitating AIDS prevention in a vulnerable group]. 1229 Jun 22

Psychiatric stigma is a concept that is often used uncritically by policy-makers to explain the underutilization of professional psychiatric services in non-Western societies. Stigma, however, is a multi-determined process manifestations and effects of which cannot be viewed separately from the larger social and cultural context. The present paper presents the results of a qualitative study of psychiatric stigma in Egypt from the perspective of lay respondents. A vignette method was used to elicit judgments of social distance and qualitative responses to stories depicting psychosis, depression, alcohol abuse and a 'possession state' from 208 respondents recruited through their places of work. The results indicated that while stigma does exist in Egypt, the form that it takes must be understood with reference to Egyptian notions of selfhood that locate behavioral disturbances in the intersubjective rather than intrapsychic realm. On the one hand, individual blame is diffused as responsibility for the illness and its cure is placed in the social, not personal (or biological) realm. On the other, behavioral disorders that threaten the social fabric of society are particularly stigmatized and often met with social rejection.
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PMID:Selfhood and social distance: toward a cultural understanding of psychiatric stigma in Egypt. 1595 96

Stigma associated with alcohol misuse can have serious consequences for adolescents, who may be at risk of developing abuse and dependence disorders. Adolescence is a period that involves wide use of psychoactive substances. During this developmental phase, adolescents are strongly influenced by peer group norms, which do not necessarily stigmatize alcohol use. Unintentionally, a significant subgroup of adolescents may develop problems that are a result of alcohol misuse. The stigma about alcohol problems may keep adolescents from admitting that their difficulties are exacerbated by misuse of alcohol. When their behavior crosses the line from norm to inappropriate, the label of alcoholic may be applied and the stigma that is attached to the label will have additional consequences. This includes withdrawal of social supports and even access to treatment. Adolescents with alcohol use problems may be reluctant to identify themselves with these difficulties, because of their concern about being rejected. These adolescents may present with emotional or behavioral problems, rather than alcohol concerns. Clinicians may avoid inquiring about alcohol use, because of their own negative and pessimistic perceptions of this disorder. Clinicians can be important resources for these adolescents, but this requires that clinicians examine their own prejudgments about alcohol abuse and dependence. This can facilitate meaningful inquiry about alcohol use and begin to offset the stigma and negative self-worth of these adolescents.
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PMID:Stigma and alcohol misuse during adolescence. 1663 55


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