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Query: UMLS:C0277787 (stigma)
 13,352 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fourteen cases of endometriosis (Em) with infertility were studied by laparoscopy in our hospital from Dec. 1988 to Oct. 1989. 2 cases were minimal, 6 cases were moderate and 6 cases were severe. The salpingo examinations of 13 cases were normal by laparoscopy. There were no stigma on ovaries in 7 cases (LUFS). Levels of hormone (E2,P,LH,FSH) were compared in Em with normal women. The level of E2 during the follicle phase in Em was lower (86.4 +/- 6.9 pg/ml) than in normal women (119.9 +/- 7.7 pg/ml, P < 0.01). The LUFS group was compared with the no-LUFS group in Em. During the mid-late follicle phase and ovulatory phase, the E2 values in the LUFS group was significantly lower than in the non-LUFS group (P < 0.05), while the FSH value in LUFS group was significantly higher than in non-LUFS group (P < 0.05).
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PMID:[Cyclic changes of serum reproductive hormone levels on patients with endometriosis and infertility]. 772 Jan 49

Infertility is experienced by 5 million U.S. couples, some of whom perceive it a stigmatizing condition. Recent technological innovations have created a multitude of medical interventions for those infertile individuals who can financially afford them. For some infertile women, those interventions also transform infertility from a private pain to a public, prolonged crisis. Our research focuses on 25 U.S. women who sought medical treatment for infertility and describes their perception of the stigma associated with infertility. We apply a critical, feminist perspective to our analysis of the women's lived experiences within the social and medical contexts in which they occur.
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PMID:Stigma: the hidden burden of infertility. 789 19

Obesity is associated with the development of some of the most prevalent diseases of modern society. The greatest risk is for diabetes mellitus where a body mass index above 35 kg/m2 increases the risk by 93-fold in women and by 42-fold in men. The risk of coronary heart disease is increased 86% by a 20% rise in weight in males, whereas in obese women the risk is increased 3.6-fold. Elevation of blood pressure, hyperlipidaemia and altered haemostatic factors are implicated in this high risk from coronary heart disease. Gallbladder disease is increased 2.7-fold with an enhanced cancer risk especially for colorectal cancer in males and cancer of the endometrium and biliary passages in females. Endocrine changes are associated with metabolic diseases and infertility, and respiratory problems result in sleep apnoea, hypoventilation, arrhythmias and eventual cardiac failure. Obesity is not a social stigma but an actual disease with a major genetic component to its aetiology and a financial cost estimated at $69 billion for the USA alone.
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PMID:Obesity as a disease. 924 38

The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to investigate the phenomenon of infertility as experienced by infertile women. A purposive sample of 25 infertile women participated in the study. Data were extracted from taped interviews and the researcher's observational field notes. Data analysis was conducted according to the techniques described by Miles and Huberman (1994). Participant responses to interviews were categorized by examining the interview transcripts and identifying significant statements and meanings. Themes which emerged from the statements were then ascertained and cross-case comparisons were made in order to confirm or to reconsider these themes. Five key themes emerged from the data: failure to fulfill a prescribed societal norm, assault on personal identity, mourning, transformation, and restitution. The women experienced infertility as a transformational process in which they mourned their loss of reproductive function and parenting roles and struggled to make restitution for the perceived stigma and powerlessness associated with nonfulfillment of a prescribed societal norm, the exclusion from cherished societal rituals, and the deprivation of ties of descent. Findings from this study have provided a framework for increased awareness of the phenomenon of infertility and for the essential components of supportive counseling or psychotherapy, regardless of the outcome of the infertility experience.
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PMID:Infertility as a transformational process: a framework for psychotherapeutic support of infertile women. 1127 Nov 37

Worldwide studies on psychological results of both male and female sterilization are reviewed. Although acceptance is increasing in both sexes, female sterilization is more common. Of the sterilized women, 90% report better health and marital or socioeconomic adjustment. The type and time of operation affects the final attitude. Hysterectomy, not so traumatic as believed except in insecure women, prevents future pathology or dissatisfaction with minor discomfort such as menstruation. Unsatisfied maternal feelings or changed family circumstances can be tolerated with adjustment unless the woman is unstable. Nearly all vasectomized men report some or better health and sexual satisfaction. Some studies find increased "masculine role behavior" in compensation for infertility; others note stigma of deviancy in some societies. Other factors that affect acceptance are coersion, motivation, social class, adequate briefing, and sympathetic handling by significant persons during decision.
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PMID:Sterilization - social and psychological aspects. 1227 46

Many scientific and medical techniques exist to intervene and alter the natural process of pregnancy and childbirth. Examples include contraceptive techniques such as the contraceptive pill and IUDs, instrumental and caesarian deliveries, amniocentesis and ultrasound, in-vitro fertilization, test tube babies, and artificial wombs. These services are provided by governments and private medicare institutions. Little, however, is known about private sector involvement in this area except that the number of private facilities is increasing in both urban and rural areas of India, and that private facilities include clinics, nursing homes, diagnostic centers, and corporate hospitals for both inpatient and outpatient care. With practitioners enjoying wide latitude to recommend and carry out tests and services, unlimited profit-making potential exists. Nursing homes focus primarily upon pregnancy, childbirth, and family planning. 40% of nursing homes and corporate hospitals in Hyderabad had ultrasound testing facilities, while amniocentesis is conducted widely in private clinics and hospitals around the country. 84% of private gynecologists in Bombay conduct sex determination tests which often lead to the abortion of female fetuses. 73% of nursing homes in Delhi had an ultrasound machine, with 80% of facilities using the machines for sex determination testing. Concerns over the cost of raising and marrying off daughters lures clients to test the sex of fetuses and not carry females to term. Hospitals and clinics also capitalize upon the social stigma of marital infertility by promoting the treatment of infertility and in-vitro fertilization. Moreover, responding to government incentives to provide comprehensive family planning services, many private clinics and nursing homes claim to offer services even when they do not. Private nursing homes and clinics offer services to maximize profit. As public spending for programs continues to be slashed and the role of private institutions increases, more attention needs to be given to monitoring the quality of services.
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PMID:Reproductive technologies and the private sector -- implications for women's health. 1228 56

Tuberculosis is responsible for far more women's deaths each year than all the causes of maternal deaths combined (e.g., in 1990, 720,000 vs. 428,000). TB attacks women in the most productive years of life, the years in which they raise children and work in the household, labor force, or fields. Mothers infected with TB are a threat to their children, since they often infect their children with TB before they die. Lack of diagnosis or poor treatment account for the deaths of around 33% of the 6 million women with TB at any given time. Various reasons explain why women do not seek or receive treatment: lack of time because of family and work demands, lack of money and transportation, the need to get permission from or be accompanied by a male family member to visit a health center, the stigma of infertility, poor education, and lack of female health workers in cultures where female modesty is important. Deaths of women to TB have major effects on child survival, economic productivity, and family well-being. In order to increase case finding and treatment, TB programs and health workers must respond to the needs of women.
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PMID:Tuberculosis and women. 1229 64

Infertility is of particular concern in Africa because of the extent of the problem and the social stigma attached to it. The highest prevalence of infertility in Africa occurs south of the Sahara, but 5-8% of couples are estimated to experience infertility at some point in their reproductive lives (50-80 million people worldwide). The average infertility in Africa is 10.1% of couples, with a high of 32% in some countries, and certain tribes have high infertility rates. While primary infertility is higher in other regions of the world, secondary infertility is more common in Africa, and secondary infertility rates are very complicated to determine. The World Health Organization Task Force on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility instituted a standardized approach to studies of infertility which was adopted in 33 countries. Between 1978 and 1982, a pilot study of this approach examined 8504 couples and found that less than 50% of male and female infertile partners were primarily infertile, and 66% did achieve a pregnancy within the union. The cause of infertility was not determined for 35% of the women and 50% of the infertile men in the sample. Infertility was accounted for by endocrine factors (usually menstrual or ovulatory disturbances) in 35% of infertile cases and tubal factors (such as unilateral or bilateral tubal occlusion, pelvic adhesion, and other abnormalities) in 32%. About 66% of African women experienced tubal factors compared to about 33% worldwide. About 9% of women reported a history of sexually transmitted disease (STD), and 8% reported abortion complications. 46% of men in sub-Saharan Africa reported a history of STDs. About 24% of women with primary infertility and 40% of women with secondary infertility had no previous history of pelvic inflammatory disease or STDs and had tubal disease. African infections are common due to inadequate health services, improper use of antibiotics, and penicillin-resistant strains of gonorrhea. Public health programs should be implemented to prevent infection-related infertility.
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PMID:Infertility in Africa. 1231 40

Infertility is considered as a social stigma in our country and has been incorporated in reproductive and child health programme. Research areas emphasised are (a) A database; (b) Management in primary, secondary and tertiary levels of health care services; (c) Training of doctors and health care workers; (d) Costing. Infertility is to be priortised as an important public health problem as it affects human being's mental, social, physical and reproductive health.
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PMID:Infertility: planning a prototype action plan in the existing health care system. 1241 73

Child adoption in the face of reproduction gone awry continues to remain an under researched aspect of contemporary Indian reality. This paper seeks to unpack some of the critical cultural issues underscoring the deep-seated reluctance towards adoption. Drawing on a larger multi-sited research project examining the experience of infertility and assisted conception in India, the paper sheds light on the state of current adoption practices in India. Thus, when faced with infertility, couples in this research emerged as favouring secret gamete donation as a means of bypassing infertility rather than the option of adoption. Invoking the concept of systematic misrecognition, the paper situates the modalities of salvaging infertility, either through medically assisted conception or adoption, as structuring infertile people's quest for children. The paper relates the perceived stigma associated with infertility treatment and adoption with the inclusion of a "third party" that fractures the culturally conceptualized boundaries of family as inextricably tied to the conjugal bond. It is therefore argued that secrecy is born out of a need to obfuscate a "public and visible" violation of a culturally priced ideal that views an intimate connection between the "married body" and the progeny. Adoption continues to remain an undesirable option because the links between an adopted child and the social parent become a public, vocal, and visible admission of infertility that cannot be subsumed, like donated gamete conception, under a conspiracy of silence.
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PMID:Why adoption is not an option in India: the visibility of infertility, the secrecy of donor insemination, and other cultural complexities. 1265 Jul 26


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