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Query: UMLS:C0277787 (stigma)
 13,352 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The provision of care and support to persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Brazil who also use drugs and/or alcohol represents special challenges because of the combined effects of addiction, poverty, stigma, and discrimination. This paper presents details on a program providing both clinic- and field-based care to HIV-infected injection drug users, highlighting the use of a specialized case management approach to address the clinical and psychosocial needs of this population. This program includes both a mobile case management team that fosters group discussions and provides individual counseling, and provision of medical consultations at 2 major drug treatment centers in Rio de Janeiro. The article also describes the experience of working with injection drug users who regularly attend an outpatient clinic serving marginalized communities through the use of mutual self-help groups and specialized support groups to address to issue of adherence to antiretroviral therapies for the treatment of HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
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PMID:Case management of human immunodeficiency virus-infected injection drug users: a case study in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 1464 53

The late 1990s saw a decrease in the total number of new cases of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). However, data often do not reflect the increased incidence of HIV in women, particularly women from minority groups. The purposes of this clinical review are to address the disease susceptibility and disease manifestations of HIV in women, and to discuss selected barriers to adherence to antiretroviral medications such as stigma, social support, and depression.
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PMID:HIV disease susceptibility in women and the barriers to adherence. 1511 22

Palliative care for patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) includes components of pain and symptom management, advance care planning, prioritization of life goals, and the support of individuals and families throughout the entire continuum of the disease. There are numerous social stressors such as stigma, infected family members and caregivers, loss of housing and independent living, and the increasing influence of substance use in all communities. Because many barriers prevent those with advanced disease from getting comprehensive pain and symptom management as well as option planning, it is important for all HIV care providers to improve their knowledge, sensitivity, and competence regarding this aspect of care. This article provides an overview of critical issues in palliative care and information on how best to improve HIV primary care.
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PMID:Integration of palliative care into primary care for human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. 1525 40

We conducted a multi-centre study in West African hospital wards to document accidental blood exposure (ABE) risks in these settings, and assessed the incidence of ABE in participating healthcare workers (HCWs) retrospectively. In total, 1241 HCWs participated in the survey from 43 hospital wards. Among them, 567 (45.7%) had sustained at least one ABE with an estimated incidence of 0.33 percutaneous injuries (PCIs) and 0.04 mucocutaneous contacts (MCCs)/HCW/year in medical or intensive care personnel and 1.8 PCIs/HCW/year in surgeons. The ABE was a needlestick in 454 (80.1%) of 567 cases, a cut in 19 cases (3.4%), a splash or contact with non-intact skin in 87 cases (15.3%), and was undocumented in seven cases (1.2%). The source patient's human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serostatus was positive in 74 cases (13.1%), negative in 65 cases (11.5%), and unknown in 416 cases (73.4%). The ABE was not notified in the ward in 392 cases (69.1%). Healthcare structures can improve HCWs' safety and reduce the stigma against HIV-infected patients by improving access to training, information, primary prevention (ABE prevention equipment) and secondary prevention (postexposure prophylaxis) of occupational infection risks.
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PMID:A descriptive, retrospective study of 567 accidental blood exposures in healthcare workers in three West African countries. 1602 90

Mediation analysis is a statistical technique that can be used to identify mechanisms by which intervention programs achieve their effects. This paper presents the results of a mediation analysis of Ngao, an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) education program that was implemented with school children in Grades 6 and 7 in Tanzania in the mid-1990s and evaluated using a controlled, group-randomized trial. The study examined which variables mediated the effect Ngao had in regard to (i) fostering positive attitudes towards people living with AIDS and (ii) decreasing intentions to be sexually active in the near future. Data from students who participated in a baseline and 12-month follow-up survey (n = 814) were analyzed. Results indicate that increasing exposure to AIDS information and increasing knowledge about human immunodeficiency virus transmission/prevention were significant mediators of the intervention's effect on alleviating the stigma associated with people living with AIDS. Moreover, encouraging more restrictive social norms about sexual intercourse was a significant mediator of the intervention's effect on decreasing students' intentions to be sexually active in the near future. Implications for future AIDS education programs for school children in this part of Africa designed to achieve similar goals are discussed.
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PMID:AIDS education for Tanzanian youth: a mediation analysis. 1630 84

Because of improved therapeutic strategies, both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and breast cancer can be considered life-threatening illnesses that eventually become a chronic condition. Both diagnoses carry a psychological impact, stigma, body alterations, intense medical evaluations, and therapies. Both conditions are prevalent among minorities, especially women of Hispanic heritage. This article describes an empowerment intervention originally designed for women living with HIV and adapted for women with a diagnosis of breast cancer. We will describe the conceptual framework for the intervention and the rationale for the chosen groups. The Women's Empowerment Intervention Model consists of a series of six full-day workshops in which multiple biopsychosocial dimensions are explored within the group, and diverse experiential activities are carried out related to the day's topics. The workshops were modified to deal with the specific issues that women confront when diagnosed with breast cancer. This model was chosen precisely because it deals with specific aspects of healing and living with a chronic illness. We propose that HIV should be viewed as a chronic condition and compared to other conditions that affect women's lives in similar ways.
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PMID:An empowerment intervention for women living with HIV and its adaptation for women with a diagnosis of breast cancer. 1631 92

Although heat treatment of human milk is an official infant-feeding recommendation for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive mothers in Zimbabwe, its implementation has not been adequately addressed, because knowledge about the safety of this method is rudimentary and its acceptability is poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, the authors conducted focus group discussions among mothers, grandmothers, midwives, and husbands in various regions of Zimbabwe. Although the practice of heat treating expressed human milk was initially met with skepticism because of potential obstacles, including time constraints and social and cultural stigma, a pattern of opinion reversal emerged in all groups. By the end of each discussion, participants believed that, given its affordability and its potential to protect infants from HIV infection, heat-treated human milk may be a feasible infant-feeding option for HIV-positive mothers in Zimbabwe. These findings merit further investigation so that appropriate behavioral strategies can be designed.
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PMID:Acceptability of heat treating breast milk to prevent mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in Zimbabwe: a qualitative study. 1646 87

This study compares public stigma towards three types of infectious diseases- human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and tuberculosis (TB)-tests an attribution model of stigma, and explores the relationships between stigma and public attitudes towards government policies in Hong Kong. Using a population-based telephone survey, 3011 Hong Kong Chinese adults were randomly assigned to one of the three disease conditions and were interviewed about their attitudes and beliefs towards the assigned disease. Findings showed that public stigma was the highest towards HIV/AIDS, followed by TB and SARS. Using multi-sample model structural equation modeling, we found that the attributions of controllability, personal responsibility, and blame were applicable in explaining stigma across three disease types. Knowledge about the disease had no significant effect on stigma. Participants with less stigmatizing views had significantly more favorable attitudes towards government policies related to the diseases. The study is an important attempt in understanding the attributional mechanisms of stigma towards infectious diseases. Implications for stigma reduction and promotion of public awareness and disease prevention are discussed.
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PMID:Comparative stigma of HIV/AIDS, SARS, and tuberculosis in Hong Kong. 1676 6

One of the most significant challenges facing the health of black women in the 21st century is the growing numbers of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency disease (HIV/AIDS) infections. An ethnographic study of African American mothers living with HIV/AIDS revealed that they believed in a tradition and heritage of strength that fostered their survival during difficult life experiences such as living and mothering with HIV/AIDS. They enacted this strength in culturally significant ways. This article discusses the importance of recognizing and supporting cultural strengths of African American women to help manage illness, while remaining cognizant of the context of oppression, discrimination, and stigma that distort cultural traditions and instead penalize women when they are ill.
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PMID:In our grandmother's footsteps: perceptions of being strong in African American women with HIV/AIDS. 1713 2

The purpose of this study was to shorten a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) stigma scale to make it less burdensome for HIV-positive (HIV+) youth without compromising psychometric properties. The shortened questionnaire showed good internal consistency and validity, suggesting that a 10-item measure of stigma has promise for assessing this important construct in HIV+ youth.
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PMID:Stigma scale revised: reliability and validity of a brief measure of stigma for HIV+ youth. 1718 15


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