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Query: UMLS:C0277787 (stigma)
 13,352 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This article examines the physical and mental health of African American mothers during a 2-year period following the birth of an infant seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Participants were 34 African American mothers enrolled when the infants were approximately 3 months of age and reinterviewed when the infants were 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Three self-report questionnaires were used to assess physical health (perception of health, activity limitation, and physical symptoms) and mental health (depressive symptoms and stigma). Health symptoms most often reported were infections, problems thinking and remembering, low energy, and gynecologic problems. Moderate levels of perceived stigma were reported. Depressive symptoms were high; a large number of women at each data point had depressive symptom scores above the cutoff, indicating risk for depression. There were significant correlations between depressive symptoms and health, suggesting a link between mental and physical health. These findings have significance for the health of the mother and the parenting of her infant. Attention should be paid to the mental and physical health of mothers with HIV, especially during the first 2 years after the birth of a child.
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PMID:Physical and mental health in African American mothers with HIV. 1148 19

Focus groups were conducted in a high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence area of Thailand to elicit perspectives of health staff and clients regarding the feasibility of directly observed therapy (DOT) for tuberculosis. Most participants perceived health centre-based DOT to be impractical for clients due to severe illness, travel inconvenience, and interference with employment. Most providers perceived home-based DOT to be difficult because of the inconvenience of travel, staff shortages and the high tuberculosis caseload. Most clients except HIV-negative tuberculous females considered home visits to be undesirable due to stigma. The preparedness of providers for home-based DOT might be improved through awareness building among staff about multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
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PMID:Feasibility of home-based and health centre-based DOT: perspectives of TB care providers and clients in an HIV-endemic area of Thailand. 1149 65

This study used Olshansky's (1962) concept of chronic sorrow to examine social support needs of 21 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive men and women in a southern U.S. city. The methods of inquiry consisted of narrative interviews and a quantitative assessment of depression (the Center of Epidemiological Studies on Depression [CES-D] Scale). This combined approach indicated that chronic sorrow in HIV-positive persons is related to illness, fear of death, poverty, and social isolation, especially for women with children. More than half of the subjects scored as depressed, with African American women scoring significantly higher than Caucasian men or women. Social isolation often resulted from the effects of stigma, as framed in Erving Goffman's theory of discredited identity. The women were likely to be stigmatized because of their association with "dirty sex," contagion, and moral threat in heterosexual communities. Most of the men had been protected from the worst effects of stigma because of their ties to the gay community and associated health networks. Based on these preliminary findings, stigma should be considered a marker of chronic depression in the HIV-positive, and support services should take account of the stigmatizing contexts of HIV-positive persons.
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PMID:Chronic sorrow in the HIV-positive patient: issues of race, gender, and social support. 1183 16

The number of women newly infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to rise. Women living with HIV or the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are often mothers who deal with the unenviable task of balancing the stigma and physical needs of illness with the needs of their families and, in particular, their children (DeMarco, Johnsen, Fukuda, & Deffenbaugh, 2001). This article addresses both the communication style and subsequent concept identified in women living with HIV/AIDS called "silencing the self," and the clinical implications for pediatric nurses who support and offer family-centered care to their patients. Mothers living with HIV/AIDS, often view the needs of the children primary as they deal with the trajectory of their own illness. In doing this, they effectively "silence" their own needs and may actually put their own psychosocial and physical needs in abeyance. It is critical that nurses in pediatric practice consider how to tangibly assess, refer, and educate mothers who silence their own needs in the process of providing care for their children.
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PMID:Mothers who silence themselves: a concept with clinical implications for women living with HIV/AIDS and their children. 1202 2

The Argentine Network of Women Living with HIV/AIDS (ANW) provides general information about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), assistance in assessing medications through state and private services, and information concerning and referrals to nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and governmental social services to low income women who have been diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Workshops allow the women to become more active on their own behalf and contribute to the reorientation of health and social services to better meet their needs. Due to the stigma attached to AIDS in Argentina, ANW works to ensure the human rights of these women through participation in the Ministry of Interior Programme against Discrimination and in public events that inform the community about the concerns of HIV positive women with regard to discrimination. A bulletin provides scientific and medical information, news on activities, model advocacy and policy statements, and addresses of support agencies. Contributions are accepted from all HIV positive women. In order to reach isolated cases outside of the capital, links are maintained with other AIDS organizations in the nation.
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PMID:Country watch. Argentina. 1228 6

According to reports from the Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH) and the World Bank, women in less developed countries (LDCs) suffer the greatest risk due to reproductive health problems. At any given time, a woman in a LDC is more likely than not to have at least 1 reproductive health problem that could be treated by a primary care provider or counseling and referral ("Women's Reproductive Health: The Role of Family Planning Programs," a PATH report). Among diseases for which cost-effective interventions exist (treatments or preventive measures), reproductive health problems account for the majority of the disease burden (a measure of healthy years lost due to disability or premature death) among women aged 15-44. A study of 650 women in India found that more than 50% reported specific gynecological problems; clinical examination found more than 90% had 1 or more such problems. In a study of 509 nonpregnant women in rural Egypt, it was discovered that more than 52% had a reproductive tract infection, 56% had some form of uterine prolapse, 14% had a urinary tract infection, and 11% had an abnormal Pap smear. Major reproductive health problems continue into menopause; cervical cancer, which is linked to reproductive tract infections and early and frequent childbearing, strikes 400,000 women in LDCs each year. Sexually transmitted disease (STD) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are also problems; women are twice as likely as men to contact gonorrhea from an infected sex partner, and 14 million women will have been infected with HIV by the year 2000 (WHO estimate). Treatment is often unsought by women because they do not understand the risk, are unaware of the symptoms, or fear the stigma of attending a clinic. If all the women who wanted to control their fertility had access to family planning services, maternal mortality would decrease by nearly 50%. Reproductive health services (routine gynecological care, perinatal care, family planning services, cancer screening, STD/HIV services, nutritional supplementation, and other services appropriate to age) are needed.
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PMID:Reproductive health problems loom in LDCs. 1231 59

The conservative Islamic society in Pakistan associates human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) with prostitution, homosexuality, and drug abuse, activities which are prohibited in Pakistan. There are 1000 reported cases of HIV, 55 with advanced AIDS (53 have died) in Pakistan. Birjees Mazhar Kazi, head of the National AIDS Program, believes that, based on the computer model of the World Health Organization (WHO), the number of HIV cases in Pakistan can be 50,000 to 80,000. Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto's government has allocated $2 million for AIDS prevention. Although some officials argue that Islamic strictures and traditional social pressures discourage sexual license, the poor public health and education standards in Pakistan make it vulnerable to AIDS. Drug abuse has risen in the last 20 years; there are an estimated 1.5 million heroin users among an estimated 3 million addicts. According to Health Ministry Director General Naik Muhammad Shaikh, the government has established 30 HIV/AIDS screening centers and is sponsoring a law that would require all blood banks to provide only safe blood and blood products for transfusion. Marvi states that the reuse and poor disposal of needles, a common practice in Pakistan, could be responsible for most of the transmission there of AIDS and hepatitis C. Health experts acknowledge the obstacles placed in the way of AIDS awareness campaigns by sex taboos and religious sensitivities; condoms cannot be mentioned or displayed in shops, or used in electronic or print media campaigns. They can be mentioned in a recorded message on a 24-hr AIDS hotline. Community-based and nongovernmental organizations are being used to reach segments of society who cannot use the hotline. Eunuchs (hijras), who are much in demand as "female" entertainers at weddings, are particularly resistant to safe sex messages, according to Abid Atiq, head of the information and education section of the National AIDS Program. He says families conceal AIDS patients because of the stigma, and, although counseling services are provided, most are reluctant to contact the program.
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PMID:Pakistan combats hidden AIDS menace. 1232 Jan 83

Women in developing countries are at "triple jeopardy" in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic. As women, a combination of biological, social, and economic risk factors increase their vulnerability to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. As mothers, they can infect their children with HIV. And, as society's traditional caregivers, women are burdened with the care of sick family members. The most effective AIDS programs deliver counseling and social support to family caregivers as well as clinical management of AIDS-related illnesses and nursing care. In several African countries, the physical, financial, and emotional demands associated with home care of AIDS patients are addressed by mobile teams of health workers and counselors. Government health services and nongovernmental organizations are training village health workers to help people cope with the fear and stigma associated with AIDS. These community AIDS workers conduct formal and informal educational sessions, visit homes to provide counseling, instruct caregivers on precautions to protect themselves from infection, and refer people for HIV testing and medical treatment. A multisectoral approach to providing the mix of services required is the best strategy for maximizing program coverage while maintaining a high quality of services.
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PMID:Women and AIDS care: coping with "triple jeopardy". 1234 56

Stigma and discrimination exist in many forms, undermining individual and community health. Interventions to combat stigma and discrimination are essential to prevent the spread of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Health departments, and others, can benefit by mounting specific interventions against these threats to public health. In New York State, interventions against HIV-related stigma and discrimination are integral components of the comprehensive approach to HIV prevention. For maximum impact, multiple interventions are employed at both policy and program levels. This article summarizes the need for interventions, discusses practical examples from actual experience, and presents the synergy of multiple interventions in a logic model.
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PMID:Interventions to prevent HIV-related stigma and discrimination: findings and recommendations for public health practice. 1246 50

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has become a pandemic concern for many nations. When this disease first presented itself in a global manner in the early 1980s, it was accompanied by fear, denial, misunderstanding, social stigma, and a paucity of available support services. The U.S. Army was becoming increasingly aware of the potential impact HIV could have on the active forces. A tragic event involving the suicide of a young HIV-infected soldier resulted in the development of a comprehensive medical/psychosocial assessment and treatment program for HIV-infected service members and their families at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. Social work services played an integral role in the development of this program as this profession has done historically in meeting other emerging needs of the military. Special attention is given to the unique psychosocial issues and needs of the HIV-infected service member and the comprehensive and compassionate response of the military medical team with its significant social work contribution.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus social work program at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center: a historical perspective. 1452 41


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