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Query: UMLS:C0277787 (stigma)
 13,352 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Leprosy affects over 10 million people in the world. The disease is a model of graded cell-mediated immunity, in this case to the causative organism, Mycobacterium leprae. The clinical manifestations are due to (i) bacterial progression, (ii) immunologic responses of the host, (iii) peripheral nerve damage due to either or both bacterial progression and immunologic responses of the host, and (iv) preventable secondary deformities following nerve damage, which account for most of the stigma of the disease. Treatment modalities are now available to control or minimize the effects of bacterial progression, harmful immunologic responses of the host, peripheral nerve damage, and secondary deformities. Unique biochemical characteristics of M. leprae reside in the cell wall and associated macromolecules. Some of these molecules are potent immunogens in humans, while others constitute the structural integrity of the bacillus. Proteins of M. leprae are currently under intensive investigation as a result of deoxyribonucleic acid cloning of M. leprae genes. Structure-function and antigenic relationships of M. leprae proteins should become available by using recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid procedures coupled with T- and B-cell cloning to advance our understanding of the immunologic reactions encountered in Hansen's disease. Until recently, the study of the immunology of leprosy has been stymied by the lack of immunologically specific M. leprae antigens. The definition of specific antigens and production of recombinant and synthetic immunologic reagents have fostered state-of-the-art research efforts into new immunodiagnostic procedures and development of a leprosy vaccine. Also discussed is progress in understanding of the mechanism(s) underlying the M. leprae-specific immunodeficiency associated with lepromatous leprosy, including the role of suppressor T cells and defective macrophage function. Metabolic studies of M. leprae suggest intact catabolic pathways and energy generation with purine bases and catalase as possible growth factors. Special attention may also need to be given to biophysical parameters for eventual in vitro cultivation. Rapid in vitro systems, using quantitation of bacillary metabolic activity, may soon replace the lengthy mouse footpad test for determining the viability and drug susceptibility of the leprosy bacillus.
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PMID:Leprosy. 305 99

Stigma is a social construction which dramatically affects the life experiences of the individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and their partners, family and friends. While it has been generally recognized that the nature of stigma varies across illnesses, it has usually not been considered as changing and emerging over the course of a single illness. In this paper, HIV/AIDS is analyzed in terms of a stigma trajectory. The primary purpose is to conceptualize how individuals with HIV/AIDS experience stigma and to demonstrate how these experiences are affected by changes in the biophysical dimensions of HIV/AIDS. Four phases of the HIV/AIDS stigma trajectory are depicted: (1) at risk: pre-stigma and the worried well; (2) diagnosis: confronting an altered identity; (3) latent: living between illness and health; and (4) manifest: passage to social and physical death. The essential processes through which individuals personalize the illness, dilemmas encountered in interpersonal relations, strategies that are used to avoid or minimize HIV-related stigma, and subcultural networks and ideologies that are drawn upon to construct, avow, and adapt to an HIV identity are considered across the stigma trajectory.
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PMID:Stigma, HIV and AIDS: an exploration and elaboration of a stigma trajectory. 748 25

The article presents three examples of how mothers with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease cope with stressors in their lives. These examples were generated through the clinical perspective and interpretation of one clinician-researcher. Knowledge of specific women over time indicates that HIV disease is often experienced within the context of poverty. To survive with hope, the individual woman faced with an HIV diagnosis must find ways to overcome the stigma of the diagnosis and adapt using individual coping responses. Social support and social networks are viewed as resources for women who struggle to survive with the diagnosis of HIV seropositivity.
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PMID:Social support as a stress buffer among human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive urban mothers. 759 65

The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the psychiatric aspects of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and sexually transmitted disease (STD) under the following subheadings: AIDS-related complex, AIDS hypochondriasis, AIDS dementia complex, AIDS and increased risk of suicide, psychiatric aspects of STD, and implications for the management of patients. The psychiatric aspects of HIV infection and AIDS include problems of adjustment to a diagnosis with a stigma and the threat of death, reactive depression and potential risk of suicide, personality disorder, AIDS-related complex (ARC), and AIDS-related dementia. The paper gives an overview of clinical, neuropathological and psychopathological experience in other countries with relevant examples from Papua New Guinea if available. STDs are mentioned because HIV transmission in Papua New Guinea is mostly by heterosexual means. The paper concludes by emphasizing the psychiatric principles of management of HIV-infected/AIDS/STD patients, which include pharmacotherapy but are always based on supportive psychotherapy and counselling.
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PMID:Psychiatric aspects of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and sexually transmitted disease (STD): an overview. 805 45

This paper reviews research and clinical literature relevant to the question of disclosure of diagnosis to children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The model of pediatric oncology, in which much research already exists, is evaluated for its applicability to HIV and AIDS. Although children seem to benefit from early disclosure of diagnosis of life-threatening illnesses, special cultural and social conditions complicate the question with regard to HIV and AIDS. These conditions include the parent-to-child transmission of HIV and the unique social stigma of having HIV because of its association with homosexuality, drug use, and sexual conduct. The paper presents existing treatment approaches and suggests avenues for further research.
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PMID:Disclosure of diagnosis to children with human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 806 22

Most published estimates of the costs of the epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have been developed from the societal perspective, attempting to measure the burden of the epidemic to society in this country. Although societal cost analysis is well-developed, relatively little is known about many of the factors influencing the costs of the epidemic to business firms. The business community may bear a substantial portion of those costs in the form of health-related benefits provided to workers. Other effects of the epidemic in the workplace are related to fears and stigma associated with the illness. The author compares frameworks for analyzing the costs of the epidemic to the business community and to society. Societal costs include direct costs, the resources used in providing health care, and indirect costs, the resources lost to society as a result of the epidemic. Costs to business include illness-based employment costs, legal or administrative costs, prevention costs, perception-based employment costs, care giver costs, and nonmonetary costs. Not all societal costs are borne by business, and businesses may incur costs that are not traditionally measured from the societal perspective.
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PMID:Defining and measuring the costs of the HIV epidemic to business firms. 819 Aug 54

Immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS is a reality in South Africa and poses an urgent challenge to nurses. The caring for patients with AIDS and the prevention of AIDS has ethical implications for nurses. Professional secrecy, social stigma, the attitude of nurses and judicial aspects are analysed. Nurses from the frontline of health care givers and must take an active part to prevent AIDS from spreading.
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PMID:[AIDS: ethical implications]. 841 61

The purpose of this descriptive correlational study was to (1) examine differences in baccalaureate nursing students' attitudes toward persons living with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (PLWAs) according to mode of transmission and (2) identify demographic and academic variables influencing baccalaureate nursing students' attitudes toward PLWAs. Two hundred forty-six students from five geographically dispersed baccalaureate programs returned a completed demographic data sheet, AIDS Knowledge Scale, and AIDS Attitude Scale. The AIDS Attitude Scale, based on Goffman's theory of stigma, assesses stigmatizing attitudes, perceptions of deservedness of care, and attitudes of respect and regard for PLWAs according to five modes of human immunodeficiency virus transmission. The findings of this study demonstrated overall that baccalaureate students were the most stigmatizing toward persons who had developed AIDS through injecting drugs followed by sexual contact (both homosexual and heterosexual) and least stigmatizing toward PLWAs who contracted the virus through maternal transmission or a blood transfusion. Perhaps the PLWA who contracted AIDS through either maternal transmission or a blood transfusion was viewed as an "innocent victim" of the disease, whereas PLWAs who contracted the virus through either shared needles or sexual transmission were viewed as having acquired the infection through the results of their actions. The demographic characteristics of the respondents did not influence AIDS attitudes.
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PMID:Attitudes of baccalaureate nursing students toward persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome according to mode of human immunodeficiency virus transmission. 875 37

In the United States many women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are poor women of African American or Hispanic American descent. Women with HIV have experienced many forms of oppression and discrimination and have been blamed as the victims of HIV and labeled as drug users, prostitutes, and carriers of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). They have been stigmatized for their gender, their sexuality, their minority status, and their poverty, as well as for their HIV-positive status. Stigma theory is used in this article to explore the sources of stigma associated with this vulnerable group of clients.
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PMID:Sources of stigma associated with women with HIV. 893 89

This paper reviews current knowledge about the role that socio-economic and cultural factors play in determining gender differentials in tuberculosis (TB) and tuberculosis control. The studies reviewed suggest that socio-economic and cultural factors may be important in two ways: first, they may play a role in determining overall gender differences in rates of infection and progression to disease, and second, they may lead to gender differentials in barriers to detection and successful treatment of TB. Both have implications for successful TB control programmes. The literature reviewed in this paper suggests the following: Gender differentials in social and economic roles and activities may lead to differential exposure to tuberculosis bacilli; The general health/nutritional status of TB-infected persons affects their rate of progression to disease. In areas where women's health is worse than men's (especially in terms of nutrition and human immunodeficiency virus status), women's risk of disease may be increased; A number of studies suggest that responses to illness differ in women and men, and that barriers to early detection and treatment of TB vary (and are probably greater) for women than for men. Gender differences also exist in rates of compliance with treatment; The fear and stigma associated with TB seems to have a greater impact on women than on men, often placing them in an economically or socially precarious position. Because the health and welfare of children is closely linked to that of their mothers, TB in women can have serious repercussions for families and households. The review points to the many gaps that exist in our knowledge and understanding of gender differentials in TB and TB control, and argues for increased efforts to identify and address gender differentials in the control of TB.
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PMID:Gender differentials in tuberculosis: the role of socio-economic and cultural factors. 895 41


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