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 13,352 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Women, the minority population in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic, are fast becoming one of the highest subgroups to be infected and affected by the disease. In the United States, most of these women are black or Hispanic, poor and urban dwellers, and addicted to drugs. This paper discusses the physical, psychological, and social manifestations of HIV disease in women, such as diminished activity tolerance, neurologic or cognitive changes, occupational and social role imbalance, and stigma and discrimination, and describes the sociocultural aspects of women's lives for assessment and treatment of women with HIV. Health promotion, education, and AIDS prevention and wellness programming are emphasized as strategies toward facilitation of self-empowerment for women with HIV disease. These health promotion and wellness strategies include learning of new and adaptation of current roles; learning strategies for self-care that include care for one's physical, psychosocial, spiritual, and sexual health; and learning and developing action plans toward healthy living and self-empowerment.
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PMID:Women, HIV infection, and AIDS: tapestries of life, death, and empowerment. 146 74

Numerous articles published during the last decade have discussed the significance of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) toward the practice of dentistry. However, only since 1987 have studies been undertaken on the attitudes and behavior of dentists toward HIV-positive patients. A detailed analysis of 15 such reports suggests that concerns regarding the perceived stigma of treating such patients, together with a fear that HIV is transmitted through dental treatment are major reasons why dentists are reluctant to care for HIV-positive and AIDS patients. Successful resolution of these concerns is time consuming and expensive but necessary if dentists are to satisfy their professional obligations to patients with HIV infection and AIDS.
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PMID:Problems associated with providing dental care to patients with HIV-infected and AIDS patients. 153 38

The largest medical missionary organization in the Netherlands is Memisa Medicus Mundi. It has been in operation since 1984 when the organization Memisa, founded in 1925 by 2 doctors from Rotterdam and a priest, merged with Medicus Mundi Nederland. 130 of its doctors work in 80 programs mostly in English-speaking Third World countries. The regional representative for East Africa, worst affected by AIDS, related that a number of doctors work in hospitals where more than 1/2 of patients suffer from AIDS. Many doctors do not want to go to Africa because of the AIDS stigma and the lack of professional challenge of caring mainly for victims of 1 disease. Yet increasingly more foreign doctors are needed, as native doctors are often infected themselves. 1992 World Health Organizations data indicate that 1 out of 40 adult Africans is infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In major East African cities the proportion reaches 30% of the adult population. A 1991 visit to Uganda, Tanzania, and Malawi revealed the spectacle of empty villages or inhabited only by children and old people. In Malawi there is 1 doctor for 40,000 people and 1 bed for 600 inhabitants whose average age is 49.3 years for men and 57.2 years for women. The doctors working there stressed prevention, and 1 of them got embroiled in a conflict with the Catholic archbishop because of handing out condoms. Nonetheless, sensitive topics such as sterilization, caesarean section, abortion, euthanasia, and contraception have been addressed to educate the people, since prevention takes precedence over treatment.
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PMID:[Medical activities under adverse conditions. Memisa Medicus Mundi]. 158 54

Lance is a 29-year-old gay alcoholic who was misdiagnosed as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive. In reaction to the diagnosis, Lance subsequently engaged in a series of destructive behaviors towards himself and others. When he was told that his diagnosis was in error, Lance was able to break out of his self-destructive cycle. This article explores the symbolic interactionist concepts of definition of the situation and of stigma and provides nursing implications for caring for people with HIV infection and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
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PMID:Lance: a gay recovering alcoholic misdiagnosed as HIV-positive. 175 Jul 81

This article presents a model for assessing psychosocial factors that influence family members' willingness to care for people with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Factors that may influence willingness to care include caregiver resources and coping characteristics, the degree to which the person with AIDS is held accountable for the illness, perceived adequacy of social support, familial obligation and affection, fears of acquiring the human immunodeficiency virus, perceptions of self-efficacy, acceptance of homosexuality, and family stigma resulting from the high-risk profile of people with AIDS. Implications for service planning and delivery are discussed.
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PMID:Family members' willingness to care for people with AIDS: a psychosocial assessment model. 199 28

In Africa the AIDS epidemic is primarily spread by heterosexual sexual contact. According to WHO estimates 400,000 Africans contracted AIDS in the last 10 years and approximately 3,500,000 equally divided among both sexes are infected with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). About 600,000 of them are children 5. Child mortality is projected to increase by 50% in the next 10 years attributable to a further spread of HIV among women who will contaminate their children. Currently, there are more than 1 million African children 10 who are not infected but whose mothers are. There are ominous implications both for women in the traditional role and for working African women on the infrastructure in addition to the anxiety of contracting HIV, the impact on future pregnancies, and the stigma of AIDS victims who are ostracized from society. The case of a woman whose husband recently died of AIDS and who is suffering from ARC (AID-related complex) is detailed. Her twin daughters aged almost 2 are also seropositive. At a clinic an AIDS worker informed her that she and her daughters had 1 or 2 more years to live. AIDS has placed a double burden on the shoulders of African women: to prevent AIDS as care providers and to help the victims, especially because governments and organizations do not provide much support. Committed women who organize to overcome social injustice intrinsic in the suffering of AIDS victims can develop the fighting spirit to better their lives.
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PMID:[The consequences of AIDS for women and children in Africa]. 206 27

We report the cases of three adults with a history of intravenous drug abuse who developed endocarditis caused by Corynebacterium xerosis, Neisseria subflava, and Neisseria flavescens, respectively. No cases of endocarditis caused by C. xerosis or N. flavescens and only one case caused by N. subflava have previously been reported in association with narcotic addiction. The prominent clinical features in all patients included poor response to antibiotic therapy, persistent fever, and major embolic events. Stigmata of infection with human immunodeficiency virus, as manifested by oral candidiasis, cervical lymphadenopathy, and serologic evidence, were present in two of the three patients. At our institution, where Staphylococcus aureus remains the most frequent etiologic agent of narcotic-associated endocarditis, the occurrence of these three cases in a 9-month period is striking. We speculate that infection with human immunodeficiency virus may play a role in the pathogenesis of endocarditis caused by these unusual organisms.
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PMID:Unusual pathogens in narcotic-associated endocarditis. 235 5

Voluntary screening for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection may help prevent the spread of the HIV epidemic if persons who test positive alter behaviors that may transmit infection. Protecting persons from unknowingly being exposed to HIV infection must be balanced against respecting the autonomy of individuals being screened. Seropositive patients may feel a stigma and be subjected to discrimination if confidentiality of test results is breached. In patients without high-risk behaviors, the positive predictive value of HIV testing may be substantially increased if tests are done in reference laboratories and if further confirmatory tests are run on a second blood specimen. For persons with high-risk behaviors, HIV testing can be recommended to those who want to reduce uncertainty about their HIV status or whose medical care would change if they were seropositive. Health care workers can maximize benefits of screening and minimize harm by educating and counseling patients before HIV testing, discussing the confidentiality of HIV test results, urging patients to disclose positive test results to sex partners, and advising patients on how to reduce high-risk behaviors.
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PMID:Voluntary screening for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Weighing the benefits and harms. 264 29

While it is not yet known what role anxiety may play in causing or exacerbating the immunologic aberration characteristic of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with a high incidence of psychologic and neuropsychiatric complications, including anxiety and adjustment disorders. The anxiety may be exacerbated by the isolation and fear patients may experience as a result of the stigma attached to the HIV diagnosis. The author addresses the consequences of anxiety related to the AIDS stigma and discusses appropriate psychiatric interventions.
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PMID:Anxiety and stigmatizing aspects of HIV infection. 268 Nov 75

Five clinical situations involving children and adolescents exposed to human immunodeficiency virus illustrate the psychosocial spectrum of the disease. For at-risk gay youth, anxiety and stigma complicate developing sexual practices. Children with perinatal infection may survive for years with a chronic illness, management of which is complicated by parental illness or death. Hemophiliac families must deal with the intrusion of a lethal virus into a long illness course. "Street" adolescents and substance-abusing youth pose particular challenges to public health and education. The range of child psychiatric responses described includes individual and family therapy, neuropsychological assessment, psychopharmacological management, and consultation liaison work.
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PMID:Psychiatric response to HIV spectrum disease in children and adolescents. 276 55


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