Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0277787 (stigma)
 13,352 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Alcoholism, the most prevalent form of drug dependence, has become a problem for large numbers of women. The research literature on alcoholism in women is reviewed, with suggestions for treatment and future research. The greater stigma placed upon female intoxication has made it difficult to obtain reliable data and has contributed to the tendency to ignore the problem altogether. Furthermore, the greater stigma has resulted in guilt because the woman alcoholic is likely to share society's opinion of herself, and this stigma/guilt/shame factor is viewed by the authors as one of the main difficulties in recovery. Certain recurring characteristics among alcoholic women are listed, and the impact on children is briefly discussed. Treatment suggestions include offering women alternatives during rehabilitation.
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PMID:Alcoholism and women. 35 25

A brief literature review on alcoholism treatment supports the authors' thesis that the alcohol abuser should be given some autonomy or "say so" in treatment selection. Presenting a variety of treatments as alternatives to the alcoholic may reduce treatment dropout rate, the aversive stigma frequently associated with therapy,and antiherapeutic disruptions while improving community coordination in alcoholism rehabilitation and providing an effective approach in treating the "total life" health of the alcoholic.
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PMID:Patient autonomy in alcohol rehabilitation. I. Literature review. 38 36

Alcoholism is a major problem in our society and it is an increasing problem among American Jews. The sociocultural attitudes that equates Jewish identity with sobriety in contrast to drunkenness among non-Jews seems the major factor that accounts for the low rate of alcoholism among Jews. Alcohol problems increase when Jews lose their Jewish identity through less involvement with traditional religious practices, or in situations where it is difficult or impossible to maintain a Jewish identification such as in the military or in college, or when Jews live in a society where the dominant groups are not prone to drunkenness as in North Africa or Yemen. The Jewish experience with alcohol can be applied along with techniques designed to reduce the per capita consumption of alcohol as a means to prevent the development of alcoholism in our society. Recognition and treatment of alcoholism in Jews may be more difficult because of the severe stigma attached to alcoholism, but educating staff of social agencies and rabbis about alcoholism, and opening the doors of synagogues to AA meetings may lessen this stigma and help Jews who develop drinking problems go for treatment early in the course of their illness.
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PMID:Sociopsychiatric perspectives on Jewish alcohol abuse: implications for the prevention of alcoholism. 61 97

Patients undergoing radical surgical treatment of head and neck neoplasms often are seen with a history of cirrhotic liver disease, electrolyte abnormalities, and other stigma of chronic disease. Despite skillful thyroid surgical technique performed as an isolated procedure or in combination with other procedures such as laryngectomy, hypocalcemia can occur. Common causes of lowered serum calcium levels secondary to removal of parathyroid glands, blood transfusions, hypoalbuminemia, gastrointestinal malabsorption, and renal insufficiency are well known. Less well known is the recently elucidated role of dependence of calcium metabolism on magnesium. Recently, it has been well documented that alcoholism directly lowers serum magnesium levels in both human and animal models without prior liver disease or malabsorption. The fact that three mechanisms are needed to explain calcium homeostasis implies that the magnesium-calcium interdependence is not clearly understood.
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PMID:Thyroid surgery: surgical and metabolic causes of hypocalcemia. 64 19

Alcoholism educators have assumed that endorsement of the disease concept of alcoholism would reduce the moral stigma associated with the condition, thereby promoting a more humanitarian approach to the alcoholic. The present study presents data relevant to these assumptions. Measures of beliefs about the medical and moral nature of alcoholism were collected from 1,446 work supervisors in federal agencies. Additionally, social acceptance, tolerance of the alcoholic's absenteeism, and charitable responses to the alcoholic were measured. Results indicated that beliefs about the moral character of the alcoholic and beliefs about the medical nature of alcoholism are significant predictors of social acceptance of the alcoholic, tolerance of work behavior of the alcoholic, and a charitable response to the alcoholic. Findings are discussed in terms of the importance of educational efforts aimed at dispelling beliefs about the moral nature of alcoholism.
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PMID:Conceptions of alcoholism. 163 48

Subjects (N = 254) were presented with either a disease or social-learning view of alcoholism and their subsequent attitudes were examined. Presentation of a disease view strengthened endorsement of that model, but attitudes toward alcoholics, treatment effectiveness, problem recognition, and help-seeking were not significantly different between the experimental conditions. Differences in attitudes between high and low disease and social-learning belief subjects were examined in 2 x 2 ANOVAs. Separate multiple regression analyses with alcohol problem recognition, help-seeking, and stigma as composite dependent variables and etiologic beliefs, drinking measures, family history of alcoholism, and responsibility for drinking problems as independent variables were performed. Results show that neither disease nor social-learning beliefs are particularly effective in predicting the dependent variables.
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PMID:Disease versus social-learning models of alcoholism in the prediction of alcohol problem recognition, help-seeking, and stigma. 188 48

As a result of long-term clinical research on former prisoners of the Nazi concentration camps, I analyzed the evolution of the clinical and psychopathological pattern of the KZ-syndrome. One can differentiate the following characteristic phases: psychosomatic inanition, latency of disease, personality and adaptation disturbances, a pseudo-neurotic and depressive phase, premature aging, and an organic phase. The stigma of KZ-syndrome is present in a second generation in different forms: personality disturbances, emotional and/or social immaturity, social disadaptation, higher frequency of neurotic states, divorce, alcoholism, and suicide. The camp stress has left in human nature traces so painful that they cannot disappear when the generation of former prisoners is gone.
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PMID:The evolution of mental disturbances in the concentration camp syndrome (KZ-syndrom). 218 95

Survey respondents' views about alcoholism as an illness, support for treatment, treatment recommendation and stigma surrounding alcoholics are examined. Subjects (N = 482) comprise a random sample of the population of Contra Costa County, California. About 91% of the respondents agree with the notion that alcoholism is an illness, but 40% also agree that alcoholics drink because they want to. More women than men support the idea that to recover alcoholics will have to quit drinking forever. The contrary is true of the idea of controlled drinking. Education and income are negatively associated with items on loss of control and controlled drinking. Respondents who have had their lives deeply affected by an alcoholic and those who report a drinking problem of their own do not differ in their opinions about alcoholism from those who do not have these characteristics. Alcoholics Anonymous is the most common form of treatment recommended by the respondents. In general, results show considerable support for treatment as well as ambivalence regarding the disease concept.
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PMID:Public opinions about alcoholism and its treatment. 356 Sep 51

The social order relies on a whole of standards and requires the conformity of the individuals to his models. The consumers of alcohol - alcoholized people - either stay in the order which makes pressure on them to bring them to consume still staying within the standards of consumption according to a process of which the works stay unknown, either drift progressively towards marginality and subversion. Their behaviour is described as a "disease", description which works as a myth as well as a reality, the perception and description of the treatment supposed to be opposed to it acts on the same manner. The consumption of alcohol - alcoholization - can be understood as a social doing which testifies the adhesion to the standard and/or a personal doing in view of a research of psychotropy. Alcoholism announces itself when the alcoholization is perceived by the Other as a deviation and an existential tactical. It is not a clinic diagnosis as one may let believe, but a stigma, a label, even a judgment over a scandal. And then begins the misfortune to the one by whom the scandal arises.
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PMID:[Mythology of alcohol drinking]. 730 85

This paper reviews the state of alcohol treatment services in Russia. There have been some recent improvements, for example the introduction of confidentiality in treatment, the closure of correctional centres, and the payment of state benefits to in-patients. However, there remains a considerable stigma attached to a diagnosis of alcoholism. Although new approaches to treatment have been promulgated, in practice Russian treatment methods remain idiosyncratic with little in the way of psychotherapy. Many techniques utilise placebos and persuasion, with the patient as a passive recipient. Services are generally of a poor quality, and underfunded and medical specialists are poorly trained. To improve matters it is suggested that there will need to be: (1) changes in knowledge and attitude among the general population and within the specialist services; and (2) a continuing exchange of ideas and specialists between Russia and the West.
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PMID:Alcohol treatment services in Russia: a worsening crisis. 798 72


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