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Query: UMLS:C0276640 (TEM)
 20,729 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cellulose-graft-poly(N,N-dimethylamino-2-ethyl methacrylate) (cellulose-g-PDMAEMA) copolymers were prepared by homogeneous atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) under mild conditions. Cellulose macroinitiator was successfully synthesized by direct acylation of cellulose with 2-bromopropionyl bromide in a room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL), 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. Copolymers were obtained via ATRP of N,N-dimethylamino-2-ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) with CuBr/pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) as catalyst and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent without homopolymer byproduct. The grafting copolymers were characterized by (1)H NMR, FT-IR, and TGA measurements. The results confirmed that PDMAEMA had been covalently bonded to cellulose backbone. Furthermore, the assemblies or aggregates formed by cellulose-g-PDMAEMA copolymers in water were studied at various concentrations, temperatures, and pH values by means of UV, DLS, TEM, and AFM. The results indicate that the copolymers had the pH- and temperature-responsive properties similar to the expected stimuli-responses by PDMAEMA. The synthetic strategy presented here could be employed in the preparation of other novel biomaterials from a variety of polysaccharides.
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PMID:Synthesis of cellulose-graft-poly(N,N-dimethylamino-2-ethyl methacrylate) copolymers via homogeneous ATRP and their aggregates in aqueous media. 1877 59

Small atomic gold clusters in solution, Au n , stabilized by tetrabutyl ammonium bromide (TBABr), have been synthesized by a simple electrochemical technique, based on the anodic dissolution of a gold electrode in the presence of TBABr salt, and using acetronitrile as solvent. The presence of clusters in the range Au3-Au11 were detected by MALDI-TOF spectroscopy, and further characterized by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, TEM, AFM, X-ray diffraction, and cyclic voltammetry. Clusters display a semiconductor behavior with a band edge of approximately 2.5 eV. We report here their extraordinarily high electrocatalytic activity toward the O2 reduction reaction in acid solutions, which can explain Zhang's results, showing that a four-electron mechanism seems to occur because of the facile reduction of H2O2 on gold clusters compared to bulk gold or larger gold nanoparticles.
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PMID:Synthesis of atomic gold clusters with strong electrocatalytic activities. 1885 Jun 89

Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C(16)TAB)-sodium perfluorooctanoate (C(8)FONa) and hexadecylpyridynium bromide (C(16)PyB)-C(8)FONa catanionic semifluorinated mixtures have been studied by conductivity, dynamic light scattering (DLS), cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and polarizing microscopy. The regular solution theory, applicable for a limited fluorinated molar ratio, does not predict long-range electrostatic interactions. The results are consistent with the fact that in the hydrogenated-rich region the interaction is attractive in both catanionic mixtures. The systems containing pyridinium headgroups were of the stronger interaction. A transition from micelles was found in both mixtures as a function of fluorinated molar ratio. Special attention was devoted to the effect of the head group in the system properties. The information related with the mean vesicle radius measured by DLS was compared with the vesicle size distribution as well as the elastic properties of the bilayer measured with cryo-TEM.
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PMID:Phase behavior of semifluorinated catanionic mixtures: head group dependence and spontaneous formation of vesicles. 1912 9

Cationic nucleoside lipids based on a 3-nitropyrrole universal base were prepared from D-ribose using a straightforward chemical synthesis. Several studies including DLS, TEM, and ethidium bromide (EthBr) assay demonstrated that these amphiphilic molecules form supramolecular organizations of nanometer size in aqueous solutions and are able to bind nucleic acids. siRNA knockdown experiments were performed with these nucleolipids, and we observed protein knockdown activity similar to the siPORT NeoFX positive control. No significant cytotoxicity was found.
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PMID:Cationic nucleoside lipids based on a 3-nitropyrrole universal base for siRNA delivery. 1915 94

Two organophilic bentonites, based on nitrogen-containing compounds, have been synthesised via ion exchange starting from pristine bentonite with octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (OTAB) and with synthetic melamine-derived N2,N4-dihexadecyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (DEDMEL). The chemical and morphological characterization of the organoclays was based on XRD, TEM, Laser Granulometry, X-Ray Fluorescence and CEC capacity. Copoly(styrene-butadiene-styrene)-nanocomposites (SBS-nanocomposites) were obtained by intercalation of the SBS-copolymer into these new organoclays by melt intercalation method. XRD and TEM analysis of the organoclays and of the micro/nano-composites obtained are presented. The effect of the organoclays on the SBS-nanocomposite's flammability properties was investigated using cone calorimeter. An encouraging decrease of 20% in the peak heat released rate (PHRR) has been obtained confirming the important role of melamine's based skeleton and its derived organoclays to act as effective fire retardants and for the improvement of this important functional property in SBS copolymers.
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PMID:Bentonite-based organoclays as innovative flame retardants agents for SBS copolymer. 1920

This paper reports the synthesis of cellulose nanocrystals grafted by polystyrene chains via surface-initiated ATRP. Naturally occurring cellulose was first hydrolyzed to obtain cellulose nanocrystals. Their surface was then chemically modified using 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide to introduce initiating sites for ATRP. A varying extent of surface modification was achieved by changing reaction conditions. Further initiation of styrene polymerization from these modified nanocrystals with a CuBr/PMDETA (N,N,N',N',N''-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine) catalytic system and in the presence of a sacrificial initiator produced polysaccharide nanocrystals grafted by polystyrene chains. A range of nanocrystals-g-polystyrene with different graft lengths (theoretical polymerization degree = 27-171) was synthesized through this method and characterized by elemental analysis, XPS, FT-IR, TEM, and contact angle measurements. We are thus able to produce cellulose nanoparticles with varying grafting densities (by altering extent of initiator surface modification) and varying polymer brush length (through polymerization control). The nanocrystals-g-polystyrene (NC-g-PS) particles were tested for their capacity to absorb 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene from water. The results obtained show that they can absorb the equivalent of 50% of their weight in pollutant compared to 30 wt % adsorption for nonmodified nanocrystals, while also displaying faster absorption kinetics.
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PMID:Cellulose nanocrystals grafted with polystyrene chains through surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). 1934 98

The phase behavior of the ternary system consisting of an ionic liquid (1-tetradecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [C14mim]Br), p-xylene, and water were investigated. Depending on the composition of the ternary system, formation of hexagonal and lamellar liquid crystals as well as microemulsions was observed. 1H NMR spectroscopy study, 2D ROESY spectroscopic analysis, and rheological measurements of the microemulsions indicated that p-xylene is preferably located in the hydrophobic core and the palisade shells of the microemulsions. The sizes of the microemulsion droplets for the samples with water/[C14mim]Br ratio of 78:22 are measured by both dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy with the freeze-fracture technique (FF-TEM). Upon change of the mole ratio of the solubilized xylene to [C14mim]Br from 0 to 2.4, the diameters of the microemulsion droplets increase from ca. 20 to 90 nm and size distribution gets broad. These microemulsions can solubilize and preorientate anthracene derivatives with a polar 9-substituent, and thus may enhance the head-to-head cyclomers in the photocyclization of these substrates.
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PMID:Microemulsions of N-alkylimidazolium ionic liquid and their performance as microreactors for the photocycloaddition of 9-substituted anthracenes. 1943 90

An effective way to obtain hollow hybrid silica-silicone nanocapsules of controlled diameter is presented. For that purpose a new precursor of silica-silicone material, tetra(triethoxysilylethyl) tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane, was synthesized by hydrosilylation of vinyltriethoxysilane with tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane. Mixture of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) in the cationic (the DTAB/SDBS system) rich region of the phase diagram was used to form the vesicular templates. The hybrid silica-silicone nanocapsules was obtained in base-catalyzed polymerization/polycondensation processes of the precursor inside of vesicle membrane. The shape and morphology of the silica-silicone nanocapsules was evaluated using transmission cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). Cryo-TEM reveals formation of discrete hollow shells of diameter consisted with the sizes of equilibrium vesicles used for templating.
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PMID:Hybrid silica-silicone nanocapsules obtained in catanionic vesicles. Cryo-TEM studies. 1945 81

The aggregation behavior of a mixed system consisting of a novel histidine-derived bolaamphiphile 1,12-dihistidine diaminododecane (H(2)D) and the conventional surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) has been investigated. The microstructure of the H(2)D/DTAB mixture has been identified by means of negative staining-TEM, dynamic light scattering (DLS), fluorescence spectra, FT-Raman spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Rich morphologies are observed in the mixed system of H(2)D and DTAB over a relatively wide proportion range. At C(DTAB)/C(H2D)<12:1, vesicles are formed in the mixed system. At C(DTAB)/C(H2D)>12:1, vesicles and tube-like aggregates coexist, and more tube-like aggregates appear with further increase of C(DTAB)/C(H2D). The formation mechanisms of the aggregation with various morphologies at different C(DTAB)/C(H2D) ratios are further deduced.
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PMID:Aggregation behavior of an amino acid-derived bolaamphiphile and a conventional surfactant mixed system. 1948 93

In this work, we report the preparation of the Sm2O3 nanoparticle precursors (Sm(OH)3) via a simple W/O microemulsion process, in which microemulsions of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)/alkanol/1-octane/Sm(NO3)3 aqueous solution were added into sodium hydroxide (NaOH) aqueous solutions. The Sm2O3 nanoparticles were then prepared by calcining the precursors at 900 degrees C. Particularly, DeltaG(c-->i), which is the change in standard Gibbs free energy for transferring cosurfactant from the continuous phase to the microemulsion interface and can be used to estimate the thermodynamic properties of microemulsions, was determined using the dilution method. The effects of alkanol carbon chain length (1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol and 1-octanol) and the reaction temperatures (298, 308, 318 and 328 K) on both DeltaG(c-->i) and Sm2O3 nanoparticle size have been investigated. Specifically, the Sm2O3 nanoparticle size, when calcined at 900 degrees C, was found to be mainly controlled by DeltaG(c-->i), and was thereby affected by the thermodynamic properties of microemulsions. The obtained products were characterized by DSC-TGA, XRD, TEM and UV-Vis. The results showed that DeltaG(c-->i) decreased with the increase in both the length of alkanol carbon chain and the reaction temperature, and the average size of Sm2O3 nanoparticles decreased as DeltaG(c-->i) decreased. The effect of microemulsion thermodynamic properties on Sm2O3 nanoparticle size reported here can provide some insights in controllable preparation of other rare earth oxide nanoparticles via the microemulsion route.
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PMID:Effect of the thermodynamic properties of W/O microemulsions on samarium oxide nanoparticle size. 1974 Apr 77


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