Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0268596 (EMA)
 2,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Stimulation of macrophages by a variety of agents causes activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Activation of MAPKs by lipopolysaccharide involves CD14 and Toll receptors. Subsequent steps still remain to be explored. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced activation of MAPKs has been shown to involve the death domain proteins (TRADD, FADD, MADD) and TRAFs. Other molecules involved in this pathway include the protein kinases, ASK1, germinal center kinase (GCK), hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1), and GCK-related kinase (GCKR). Although, these pathways have been described in various cell types, their role in macrophages remains to be established. The availability of knockout mice and constitutively active and dominant-negative mutants of MAPKs should greatly enhance our understanding of this field. The activation of MAPKs seems to be different in cell lines compared with primary cells. Among the macrophages, cells from different compartments show different expression of receptors and signal transduction molecules. These differences may account for differences in MAPK activation and other phenotypic differences in macrophages from different compartments. Therefore, it is important to use primary cells for studying MAPK signal-transduction pathways, and the data from cell lines should not be extrapolated to primary cells.
 ...
PMID:MAP kinase activation in macrophages. 1120 64

We used ferromagnetic particles as a novel technique to deproteinize plasma samples prior to quantitative UHPLC-MS/MS analysis of seven eicosanoids [thromboxane B2 (TXB2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), PGD2, 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), 11-HETE, 12-HETE, arachidonic acid (AA)]. A combination of ferromagnetic particle enhanced deproteination and subsequent on-line solid phase extraction (on-line SPE) realized quick and convenient semi-automated sample preparation-in contrast to widely used manual SPE techniques which are rather laborious and therefore impede the investigation of AA metabolism in larger patient cohorts. Method evaluation was performed according to a protocol based on the EMA guideline for bioanalytical method validation, modified for endogenous compounds. Calibrators were prepared in ethanol. The calibration curves were found to be linear in a range of 0.1-80ngmL(-1) (TXB2, PGE2, PGD2), 0.05-40ngmL(-1) (5-HETE, 11-HETE), 0.5-400ngmL(-1) (12-HETE) and 25-9800ngmL(-1) (AA). Regarding all analytes and all quality controls, the resulting precision data (inter-assay 2.6 %-15.5 %; intra-assay 2.5 %-15.1 %, expressed as variation coefficient) as well as the accuracy results (inter-assay 93.3 %-125 %; intra-assay 91.7 %-114 %) were adequate. Further experiments addressing matrix effect, recovery and robustness, yielded also very satisfying results. As a proof of principle, the newly developed LC-MS/MS assay was employed to determine the capacity of AA metabolite release after whole blood stimulation in healthy blood donors. For this purpose, whole blood specimens of 5 healthy blood donors were analyzed at baseline and after a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced blood cell activation. In several baseline samples some eicosanoids levels were below the Lower Limit of Quantification. However, in the stimulated samples all chosen eicosanoids (except PGD2) could be quantified. These results, in context with those obtained in validation, demonstrate the applicability of ferromagnetic particles for the sample preparation for eicosanoids in human plasma. Thus, we conclude that ferromagnetic particle enhanced deproteination is a promising novel tool for sample preparation in LC-MS/MS, which is of particular interest for automation in clinical mass spectrometry, e.g. in order to further address eicosanoid analysis in larger patient cohorts.
...
PMID:Ferromagnetic particles as a rapid and robust sample preparation for the absolute quantification of seven eicosanoids in human plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS. 2710 Jun 79