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Query: UMLS:C0268596 (EMA)
 2,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A comparison has been made between different immunomagnetic techniques for separating normal human mammary epithelial cells based on the exclusive expression of EMA (epithelial membrane antigen) by luminal cells and CALLA (CD10) by myoepithelial cells. When cells labelled with antibodies to these antigens were incubated with Dynabeads, they rosetted myoepithelial but not luminal cells. However, both luminal and myoepithelial cells could be positively separated using the MACS system. Purity was established by analyzing the expression of CALLA and EMA using flow cytometry, and of cell-type specific cytokeratins using indirect immunofluorescence. Dynabead-separated myoepithelial cell populations were of high purity (> 98%) but the beads could not be removed from the cells. Luminal cell populations separated by the MACS method were also highly purified (> 95%), as were myoepithelial cell populations (> 90%). Using this immunomagnetic separation method, up to 10(7) cells of each type could be obtained from individual preparations.
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PMID:An immunomagnetic separation method using superparamagnetic (MACS) beads for large-scale purification of human mammary luminal and myoepithelial cells. 751 34

The expression of EGF receptors has been studied on luminal and basal cells of human breast in vitro. Primary cultures of normal adult human breast epithelium were prepared as single cell suspensions containing a mixture of luminal and basal cells. The cells were simultaneously immunolabelled with antibodies recognising EMA (luminal epithelial cells), CALLA/CD10 (basal cells) and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Flow cytometric analysis of these triple labelled cells detected low levels of EGFR on both cell types, with proportionally more EGFR on basal cells compared with luminal cells. Separated populations of basal and luminal cells were prepared from single cell suspensions by flow sorting or by immunomagnetic methods and cultured with and without EGF. Increased proliferation was detected in both cell types in the presence of EGF. To determine the localisation of the EGF receptor, purified cell populations were immunolabelled with anti-EGFR antibody and an FITC-labelled second antibody for fluorescence light microscopy and colloidal gold-labelled antibody for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Low levels of EGFR were detected by indirect immunofluorescence on both cell types with higher levels on basal cells compared with luminal cells. The detailed subcellular distribution of the receptor was examined by SEM, with gold-labelling of EGFR detected using a field emission scanning electron microscope with a YAG crystal backscattered electron detector. Both luminal and basal cells expressed EGFR over the upper surface of individual cells when these were growing in isolation, but when cells formed part of a confluent island, levels of EGFR on the upper surface of cells were obviously reduced. Observations made by SEM on cells at the edges of such confluent islands showed that cultured basal cells expressed much higher levels of EGFR on their basal, as compared with their upper surfaces.
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PMID:Epidermal growth factor receptor expression on human breast luminal and basal cells in vitro. 868 18

Histologically, the marginal zone pattern of the lymph node is characterized by lymphoid follicles with three distinct layers. The inner layer is composed of follicular center zones, the middle layer of darkly stained mantle zones, and the outer layer of marginal zones. However, the marginal zone pattern is rarely seen in reactive lymph nodes except for mesenteric lymph nodes. We describe the clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical and genotypic findings of six cases of reactive follicular hyperplasia exhibiting the marginal zone pattern. The patients comprised three males and three females (age range 24 to 63 years; medium 56 years). Follow-up data were obtained from five patients. None of them developed malignant lymphomas during the follow-up period of from 5 to 204 months (median 68 months). Histologically, the lesion was characterized by numerous lymphoid follicles and partial distortion of lymph node structure. Varying degrees of progressive transformation of the germinal center (PTGC) were noted in the four cases. The marginal zone pattern was observed in some or most of the lymphoid follicles including PTGC. The marginal zone B cells were small to medium-sized lymphocytes with round or slightly indented nuclei and a broad rim of pale cytoplasm. Some of them had a monocytoid appearance. They were CD20+, CD79a+, sIgM+/-, sIgD-, CD5-, CD10-, CD21-, CD23-, CD43-, CD45RO-, Bcl-6-, cyclin D1-, EMA- and p53-. A portion of them were Bcl-2 positive. Occasional large lymphoid cells with round or indented nuclei and moderate amounts of cytoplasm were observed in the marginal zone in four cases. These large lymphoid cells were usually CD20 positive, but Bcl-6 negative. A small number of them contained polytypic intracytoplasmic immunoglobulins. The polytypic nature of B lymphocytes was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction. Recognition of unusual marginal zone hyperplasia in reactive lymph node lesions is important to avoid confusion with nodal involvement in various low-grade B cell lymphomas presenting a marginal zone distribution pattern.
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PMID:Follicular hyperplasia presenting with a marginal zone pattern in a reactive lymph node lesion. 1207 68

Uterine tumors resembling ovarian sex-cord tumors (UTROSCTs) are unusual neoplasms with histologic features that resemble those within ovarian Sertoli and granulosa cell tumors. We report the case of a 24-year-old woman with a UTROSCT presenting as a cervical mass, which on initial evaluation was thought to represent cervical adenocarcinoma. The patient's cervical biopsy specimen contained epithelioid cells arranged in tubules and anastomosing cords, without significant cellular atypia or mitotic activity. Because this morphology elicited a broad differential diagnosis, immunohistochemical studies were performed. The tumor was found to be diffusely positive for cytokeratin cocktail, calretinin, and desmin, focally positive for CK7 and SMA, and negative for EMA, CEA, inhibin, CD10, CK20, chromogranin, and synaptophysin. Ultrastructural examination revealed occasional gland-like lumens with cells joined by desmosomes and a continuous basal lamina. UTROSCTs have features that may cause them to be confused with more common tumors, especially in limited biopsy samples, and should be included in the differential diagnosis when a gland-forming neoplasm with an unusual appearance is identified in a cervical or endometrial biopsy specimen.
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PMID:Uterine tumor resembling ovarian sex-cord tumor: report of a case mimicking cervical adenocarcinoma. 1281

In the new World Health Organization (WHO) classification of malignant lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma of B-cell phenotype is classified either as the anaplastic large cell variant of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma or as Hodgkin's lymphoma. A 71-year-old Japanese man developed fever and generalized lymphadenopathy. Biopsy of the right axillary node revealed morphology of malignant lymphoma in which large cells with abundant cytoplasm and pleomorphic nuclei were scattered among small lymphocytes. Immunostaining with various monoclonal antibodies revealed the large cells to be CD79+, CD20/L26+, CD45RO/UCHL-(1-), CD3-, CD10-, CD30+, NPM/ALK-, EMA-, CD15-, and bcl-(2-). Amplification of the J region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain by polymerase chain reaction revealed a single rearranged band. Therefore the diagnosis of anaplastic large cell variant of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, stage IIIB, was made from the standpoint of the new WHO classification of malignant lymphoma. Biopsy led to findings of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoma with positive in situ hybridization results for EBV small RNAs, positive results of immunostaining with EBV latent membrane 1 antibody, and negative results of immunostaining with Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 2. Results of immunostaining of the mass with p53 antibody also were positive for lymphoma cells. The findings in this case may suggest a close relationship between p53 expression and latent EBV infection.
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PMID:Epstein-Barr virus-associated anaplastic large cell variant of diffuse large B-cell-type non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with concurrent p53 protein expression. 1284 89

A CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) cell line was established from the mononuclear cells isolated from pleural effusion of a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The cell line's biological characteristics were analyzed. The results showed that the established cell line could survive and proliferate in RPIM 1640 medium; the Wright-Giemsa-stained cells were exactly similar to malignant cells of CD30+ ALCL in morphology, with many diffuse virus granules in cytoplasm; the cytochemical staining of the cells showed the following reactivity pattern: positive for acid phosphatase (ACP) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), negative for peroxidase (POX), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and platelet peroxidase (PPO). The immunoprofile of the cells was positive for CD45, HLA-DR, CD30 and negative for EMA, CD34, CD38, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD7, CD8, CD10, CD15, CD19 and CD20. The cytogenetic analysis showed complicate d qualitative and quantitative abnormality of chromosomes, without typical t(2;5). It is concluded that the established cell line is CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma cell line.
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PMID:[Establishment of a human CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma cell line and its biological characteristics]. 1457 43

Nodal presentation of Burkitt-like lymphoma is common, particularly in gastrointestinal tract. However, only few cases with massive ascites and signs of subileus due to lymphoma proliferation are described. We report a 31-year-old male patient who presented with fever, night sweats, vomiting and abdominal fullness. Physical examination suggested much ascites. Abdominal X-rays showed hydroaeric levels. Diagnosis or Burkitt-like lymphoma was established on the basis of cytological and immunohistochemical examination of ascites (immune phenotype of malignant cells was EMA-, NSE-, LCA+, CD10 -/+, CD20 +, IgM +, Ki-67 + 100%). After treatment with BMF protocol complete remission was achieved and retained for 2.5 years. Authors stressed that immunohistochemical examination of ascites has been proved as simple and efficient method for establishing precise diagnosis. In this way, laparotomy was avoided, which otherwise would be necessary due to exclusive abdominal localization of the disease.
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PMID:[Burkitt-like lymphoma: subileus and ascites as the main clinical manifestations]. 1511 88

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare and relatively new entity originally described in HIV-infected individuals. This subset of Epstein-Barr-virus (EBV)-related non-Hodgkin lymphomas is now regarded as a distinct clinicopathological category of AIDS-associated lymphomas occurring preferentially in the oral cavity and showing a poor prognosis. We describe for the first time an EBV-associated PBL with an isolated cutaneous distribution on the lower extremities in an HIV-infected heterosexual male and point to the unique clinical, morphological and immunophenotypic characteristics of this lymphoma. The patient presented with fast growing solid and livid nodules on both legs. The large, blastic tumor cells showed the following immunophenotype: CD138+, CD45+, CD20-, CD10-, CD3-, CD30-, bcl-2-, bcl-6-, LMP-1- and EMA-. The proliferation fraction (Mib-1) was >90%. EBV association was demonstrated by in situ hybridization (EBV-encoded RNAs 1/2). Polymerase-chain-reaction-based DNA analysis demonstrated a clonal IgH rearrangement in the absence of a bcl-2/IgH translocation. PBL in HIV patients may occur not only in the oral cavity, but can probably involve any other organs including the skin.
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PMID:Cutaneous plasmablastic lymphoma in an HIV-positive male: an unrecognized cutaneous manifestation. 1511 93

Estrogen is necessary for the full development of the mammary gland and it is also involved in breast cancer development. We set out to identify and characterise progenitor/stem cells in the human mammary gland and to explore the role of estrogen in their proliferation and differentiation. Three candidate stem cell populations were isolated: double positive (DP) cells co-expressed the luminal and myoepithelial markers, EMA and CALLA, respectively, whereas double negative (DN) cells did not express these cell surface markers; side population (SP) cells were characterised by their differential ability to efflux the dye Hoechst 33342. The ABC transporter, breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) was more highly expressed in SP cells than in non-SP cells and a specific BCRP inhibitor, Ko143, reduced SP formation, suggesting that BCRP confers the SP phenotype in mammary epithelial cells, as has been demonstrated in other tissues. Interestingly, SP cells were double negative for the EMA and CALLA antigens and therefore represent a separate and distinct population to DP cells. Single cell multiplex RT-PCR indicated that the SP and DN cells do not express detectable levels of ERalpha or ERbeta, suggesting that estrogen is not involved in their proliferation. DP cells expressed ERalpha but at a lower level than differentiated luminal cells. These findings invoke a potential strategy for the breast stem/progenitor cells to ignore the mitogenic effects of estrogen. All three cell populations generated mixed colonies containing both luminal and myoepithelial cells from a single cell and therefore represent candidate multipotent stem cells. However, DN cells predominately generated luminal colonies and exhibited a much higher cloning efficiency than differentiated luminal cells. Further characterisation of these candidate progenitor/stem cells should contribute to a better understanding of normal mammary gland development and breast tumorigenesis.
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PMID:Growth and differentiation of progenitor/stem cells derived from the human mammary gland. 1521 47

In the literature, sufficient attention has not been paid to the precise subcellular localization of immunohistochemical signals, the knowledge of which is essential for proper interpretation of immunostains and distinction of genuine staining from biotin-associated or other nonspecific stainings. The subcellular localization of the signals can in fact be easily deduced from the known biologic or ultrastructural characteristics of the antigens. Extracellular antigens obviously are located in the extracellular compartment. Cellular antigens fall into 3 major groups: membranous, nuclear, and cytoplasmic. Membranous antigens include cell adhesion molecules (such as E-cadherin, N-CAM), cell surface/transmembrane receptors and proteins (such as tyrosine kinase receptors, most leukocyte antigens, CD10, CEA), and molecules linking surface molecules to cytoskeleton (such as beta-catenin, dystrophin). Nuclear antigens include cell cycle-associated proteins (such as cyclins, p16, Ki-67), nuclear enzymes (such as TdT), transcription factors (such as TTF-1, CDX-2, myogenin, PAX-5), tumor suppressor gene products (such as p53, p63, WT1, Rb), steroid hormone receptors (such as ER, PR), calcium-binding proteins (such as S-100 protein, calretinin), and some viral proteins (such as CMV, herpes). Cytoplasmic antigens can take up a granular pattern due to localization in organelles, granules, or secretory vesicles (such as chromogranin, hormones, lysozyme, HMB-45), fibrillary pattern attributable to the filamentous nature of the molecules (intermediate filaments and microfilaments), or diffuse or patchy pattern due to localization in the cytosol or large vesicles (such as myoglobin, albumin, thyroglobulin). Aberrant localization of the molecules, when present, can provide important insight into disease processes and aid in their diagnosis, such as loss of membranous E-cadherin expression in lobular breast carcinoma, aberrant nuclear localization of beta-catenin in colorectal adenocarcinoma, pattern of ALK staining in anaplastic large cell lymphoma correlating with the different types of chromosomal translocations, presence of additional cytoplasmic CD10 staining in the enterocytes indicative of microvillous inclusion disease, and "reversed" staining for EMA in micropapillary mammary carcinoma.
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PMID:Subcellular localization of immunohistochemical signals: knowledge of the ultrastructural or biologic features of the antigens helps predict the signal localization and proper interpretation of immunostains. 1530 32


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