Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0268596 (EMA)
 2,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Isavuconazole, the active moiety of its prodrug isavuconazonium, is a new extended-spectrum triazole whose activity against yeasts, molds, including Aspergillus and mucorales, and dimorphic fungi has been shown in vitro and in preclinical models. The most relevant pharmacokinetics features are water-solubility of the prodrug, rapid cleavage of the prodrug into active moiety and cleavage product by plasmatic esterases, high oral bioavailability of isavuconazole with an extensive penetration into most tissues and a good safety profile even in case of renal impairment. The results of two main clinical studies have led to an approval by FDA and EMA in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and invasive mucormycosis. Isavuconazole is non-inferior to voriconazole in terms of response and survival in invasive aspergillosis and has shown improved safety and tolerability. Importantly, less hepatobiliary, skin and eye disorders have been reported in isavuconazole-treated patients. Isavuconazole has therefore been granted a grade A-I recommendation by the European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL) for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Efficacy has also been demonstrated in mucormycosis in an open-label study. Survival was similar to the survival of matched patients from the international Fungiscope registry and treated with an amphotericin B formulation. Isavuconazole failed to show non-inferiority to caspofungin in a large double-blind candidemia trial. The aim of this review is to give the reader an overview of the data available so far to support inclusion of isavuconazole in the anti-mold therapeutic arsenal.
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PMID:Isavuconazole: A new broad-spectrum azole. Part 2: pharmacokinetics and clinical activity. 2955 42

A recent survey on the use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) revealed that 43% of patients with atrial fibrillation and renal impairment were potentially overdosed and had a hazard ratio for major bleeding of 2.19. In this review, we analyse and discuss the effect of renal failure on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of DOACs and of strategies proposed to adjust doses according to the level of renal dysfunction. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of available DOACs (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban, betrixaban) differ substantially as regards oral bioavailability, plasma protein binding and the relative involvement of renal and non-renal elimination. In this respect, 80% of dabigatran is excreted as an unchanged drug in urine, whereas edoxaban, rivaroxaban, apixaban and betrixiban are excreted unchanged by, respectively, 50, 33, 27 and 11% of the dose. Therefore, drug exposure (the area under the concentration-time curve, AUC) is expected to increase to differing extents, depending on the residual renal function and the contribution of the kidneys to the excretion of each drug. Our analysis found that the increased AUC in patients with severe renal dysfunction was greater than expected in the case of dabigatran, betrixaban and rivaroxaban, indicating that other pharmacokinetic parameters may be altered besides renal clearance. Although DAOC pharmacodynamics do not seem to be altered by renal diseases (the correlation between plasma levels and anticoagulant effects overlaps that of healthy subjects), renal failure per se is associated with an increased risk of bleeding and thromboembolism. Guidelines on dose adjustments in patients with renal dysfunction have been published by three National Drug Agencies (FDA, EMA, HC), but many of their items do not match one another, reflecting our substantial paucity of knowledge in advanced renal failure. Routine monitoring of DOAC anticoagulant effects or plasma concentrations is not recommended, since no validated therapeutic ranges have been established. However, this approach may be useful in emergency situations such as bleeding or thrombotic events, urgent surgery, pharmacokinetic interactions, etc. We conclude that more experimental work is needed to improve our knowledge of DOAC pharmacology in renal failure and to provide clinicians with valid tools to adjust therapy.
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PMID:Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Patients with Renal Failure. 3016 98