Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0268596 (EMA)
 2,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Techniques of production of monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) have provided powerful tools to study biological lung cancer behavior. Immunochemistry is more sensitive than conventional light microscopy examination to detect tumour cells in sputum or pleural effusion, or small cell lung cancer metastases in bone marrow. Immunochemistry is also helpful for the differential diagnosis of carcinoma versus lymphoma or sarcoma, using antibodies directed against antigens such as cytokeratins, vimentin, EMA, LCA, SP100, CEA. In lung cancer, immunochemistry may detect neuroendocrine differentiation, or help to distinguish metastatic carcinoma from primary lung cancer. A positive immunostaining with CEA, Leu-M1, SP1, B72-3 supports the diagnosis of pleural metastatic adenocarcinoma versus mesothelioma. Immunoscintigraphy is a non invasive imaging technique which allows local and distant disease evaluation and could replace in the future the present staging work up. To evaluate the potential therapeutic efficacy of MoAbs in Lung cancer, phase I studies have been performed. Therapeutic effect is based on: 1) indirect cytotoxicity (cells are killed by ADCC or K cells) or direct cytotoxicity (MoAb are carriers of toxins, radioisotopes or drugs). 2) Immune response modulation by anti-idiotypic Ab. 3) Interferences with growth factors. Results of most of phase I trials are disappointing. Improvement of MoAb selectivity, improvement of conjugates stability, reduction of humoral response to MoAb, enhanced tumour localisation, and reduction of nonspecific captation should lead to a better efficacy.
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PMID:[Monoclonal antibodies and bronchial cancer]. 770 64

Although clear cell carcinomas have been described in numerous anatomic sites, their occurrence in the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts (EHBD) is practically unknown. We report 10 such cases. Seven arose in the gallbladder and three in the EHBD; all patients with gallbladder tumors were females with cholelithiasis whose ages ranged from 56 to 68 years. Patients with EHBD tumors were younger (38 and 40 years of age) and had extrahepatic biliary obstruction and abdominal pain. Two patients with gallbladder carcinomas had elevated serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels, and another without hepatic involvement had markedly elevated circulating levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Histologically, nine tumors were adenocarcinomas and one was a squamous cell carcinoma. Seven adenocarcinomas consisted of cords, sheets, nests, papillae, and trabeculae of clear cells with well-defined cytoplasmic borders. Two were composed predominantly of glands and papillary structures. The cells contained PAS-positive diastase-labile granules and were cytokeratin- and EMA-positive and immunoreactive for erythropoiesis-associated antigen. One gallbladder tumor contained areas of hepatoid differentiation, a feature described in gallbladder neoplasms only once before. These areas were AFP-positive and immunoreactive for CEA. By electron microscopy, they showed hepatoid differentiation with formation of bile canaliculi. In two gallbladder tumors, neoplastic cells contained subnuclear vacuoles reminiscent of early secretory endometrium. Foci of conventional adenocarcinoma or mucinous carcinoma were recognized in all nine tumors. The squamous cell carcinoma showed only foci of squamous differentiation with keratinization. The clear cells of this neoplasm had a trabecular and solid growth pattern. These clear cell neoplasms of the gallbladder and EHBD must be differentiated from metastatic renal cell carcinoma, based upon the presence of areas of conventional adenocarcinoma or foci of squamous differentiation since results of special stains and immunohistochemistry are similar in both neoplasms. One of the patients with EHBD carcinoma is alive and symptom-free 6 years following right hepatic lobectomy. Five patients with gallbladder tumors had direct extension into the liver and died with metastases. Two are living with metastases.
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PMID:Clear cell carcinomas of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts. 780 41

Eight cases of thymic carcinoma (mean age 62 years, 5 males and 3 females) were treated in our hospital from Apr. 1988 to Mar. 1993, which were 21% of thymic epithelial tumors. The histologic subtypes of thymic carcinoma were 3 squamous, 4 undifferentiated, and 1 adenocarcinoma, respectively. Computed tomography showed extrathymic metastases to the mediastinal lymph nodes in 6 cases. All cases underwent thoracotomy, and postoperative radiotherapy or chemotherapy were performed. A case of squamous cell carcinoma in stage II who underwent total resection followed by irradiation is alive and disease free 5 years after surgery. However, the remaining 7 cases died of the disease within 29 months. 8 cases of thymic carcinoma and 7 of thymoma were studied immunohistologically on the formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues. Higher positivity of EMA in thymic carcinoma was noted comparing to ordinary thymoma, suggesting that EMA is a useful parameter of potential malignancy of the thymic epithelial neoplasms.
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PMID:[Eight cases of thymic carcinoma]. 783 17

Histological sections from 103 malignant mesotheliomas and 43 adenocarcinoma metastases in pleural biopsies were investigated for reactivity against a panel of 11 different antibodies. The size of the material allowed the evaluation by stepwise logistic regression analysis, which selected five parameters of major importance: vimentin reactivity in epithelial cells, reactivity to low-molecular-weight keratins in fibrous cells, strong membrane accentuation of EMA reactivity, and lack of reactivity to LeuM1 and BerEp4. Three of these criteria were sufficient to identify a mesothelioma with high specificity and with a sensitivity of approximately 70%. Whilst the monoclonal anti-CEA tested was the most valuable single parameter, it did not add any diagnostic information to the combination of criteria selected by the stepwise logistic regression analysis. However, this antibody can be used to exclude most of the adenocarcinomas from further analysis with the more extensive panel.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical reactivity in mesothelioma and adenocarcinoma: a stepwise logistic regression analysis. 801 2

Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) is a protein growth factor whose pleiotropic effects on epithelial cells include the stimulation of motility, mitosis and tubulogenesis. These responses are mediated by the cell surface tyrosine kinase receptor c-met. Because both the cytokine and receptor are found in the gastrointestinal tract, we have studied the effects of HGF/SF on transformed gut epithelial cells which express c-met. Here we describe the response of a new transformed human jejunal epithelioid cell line (HIE-7) to HGF/SF. Morphologically HIE-7 cells are immature. Their epithelial lineage was confirmed by reactivity with the epithelial specific antibodies AE1/AE3, Cam 5.2, Ber-EP4 and anti-EMA and is consistent with their expression of c-met mRNA and protein. In addition, electron microscopic analysis revealed the presence of primitive junctions and rudimentary microvilli, but features of polarization were absent. When grown on reconstituted basement membranes, HIE-7 cells formed closely associated multicellular cord-like structures adjacent to acellular spaces. However, the cells did not mature structurally, form lumen-like structures or express disaccharidase mRNA, even in the presence of recombinant HGF (rHGF). On the other hand, rHGF induced HIE-7 cells to scatter and stimulated their rapid migration in a modified wound assay. To determine whether the mitogenic effect caused by rHGF is associated with HIE-7 cell invasiveness across reconstituted basement membranes, a Boyden chamber chemoinvasion assay was performed. rHGF stimulated a 10-fold increase in the number of HIE-7 cells that crossed the basement membrane barrier, while only stimulating a small increase in chemotaxis across a collagen IV matrix, suggesting that the cytokine activates matrix penetration by these cells. rHGF also stimulated the invasion of basement membranes by an undifferentiated rat intestinal cell line (IEC-6) and by two human colon cancer cell lines which are poorly differentiated (DLD-1 and SW 948). In contrast, two moderately well differentiated colon cancer cell lines (Caco-2 and HT-29) did not manifest an invasive response when exposed to rHGF. These results suggest that HGF/SF may play a significant role in the invasive behavior of anaplastic and poorly differentiated gut epithelial tumors.
Clin Exp Metastasis 1994 Mar
PMID:Hepatocyte growth factor stimulates invasion across reconstituted basement membranes by a new human small intestinal cell line. 830 28

A 25-year-old patient with a rapidly growing sarcomatoid carcinoma of the urinary bladder is reported. The diagnosis was made on the basis of extended atypical proliferations of spindle or pleomorphic cells in the area of pelvic floor and the radix of the penis. The tumor showed invasion of the blood and a high Ki-67 growth fraction up to 40%. Immunohistochemically, the reactions with antibodies against cytokeratin, EMA, and vimentin were positive, while negative results were obtained in reactions with antibodies against desmin, actin, PSA, S 100, human epithelial antigen (Ber-EP4), and cytokeratin 13. The differential diagnosis against myosarcomas, pseudosarcomatous lesions, and inflammatory pseudotumours is discussed. After radical surgery a pelvic recurrence and pulmonary metastases developed, which led to the patient's death 3 months later. This case shows that sarcomatoid carcinomas of the urinary bladder can be found even in young people.
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PMID:[Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the bladder in a 25-year-old man]. 857 May 63

An immunocytochemical method using an antibody probe to recognise the epithelial membrane antigen was used to screen smears obtained surgically from bone-marrow in 88 patients with gastric cancer. Tumor cells were detected in the bone-marrow of 58 patients (65.9%). The EMA positive cells in the marrow were not correlated with the location and node status of the stomach. In the stage of TNM I, II, III and IV, the positive rates of micrometastases in the bone marrow were 42.9%, 57.1%, 73.7% and 69.0%, respectively. The results showed that the poorer differentiated lesion, the higher rate of positive cells in the bone marrow. The curative surgery and multimodality treatment after operation could result in remission of positive cells in some patients. The method can detect occult metastases in bone marrow, and may be useful to monitor patients for evidence of response. It can measure the efficacy of adjuvant therapy, and predict prognosis of the patients.
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PMID:[Detection of micrometastases in the bone marrow in patients with gastric cancer]. 873 77

Choriocarcinoma most commonly follows a molar pregnancy, but it may develop after any gestational event. If choriocarcinoma follows a term pregnancy, it is associated with an unfavorable outcome and a 60% survival rate. A 33 year female who had delivered a normal girl 4 months before, presented with a nodule on the scalp behind the right ear. The pathologic diagnosis was compatible with metastatic choriocarcinoma. This tumor did not respond to chemotherapy, and she died a year later of multiple liver and pulmonary metastases. The development of a choriocarcinoma following a full term pregnancy is associated with a poor prognosis. We suggest that patients who do not achieve a clinical or serological remission after EMA-CO treatment be considered for high dose chemotherapy such as transplant.
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PMID:Unusual presentation of a metastatic choriocarcinoma following a full term pregnancy: a case report. 885 2

High-risk metastatic gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) in patients who have failed primary chemotherapy has a very poor prognosis. About 25% of women with high-risk metastatic disease become refractory to EMA-CO (etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin-D, cyclophosphamide and vincristine) and fall to achieve a complete remission. Currently, there is no standard salvage chemotherapeutic regime for EMA-CO failure. Paclitaxel, a taxane analog extracted from the bark of the western yew (Taxus brevlfolla), has shown antitumor activity in a variety of cancer cell lines. High in vivo efficacy was confirmed in phase II trials, especially for breast and epithelial ovarian cancer patients. Recently, two in vitro studies have shown that paclitaxel is a highly effective antineoplastic agent in choriocarcinoma cell lines. We present the first clinical report of a serologic remission with high-dose paclitaxel (250 mg/m2 i.v. infusion over 24 h every 3 weeks) of a highly refractory GTD in a patient who developed brain metastasis after multiple combined chemotherapeutic regimens. The patient tolerated paclitaxel with granulocyte colony stimulating factor support very well. The remission with paclitaxel in this patient confirms its preclinical activity in high-risk, refractory GTD.
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PMID:Remission of refractory gestational trophoblastic disease with high-dose paclitaxel. 886 14

Epidermotropic metastases from internal malignancies are exceedingly rare. We report two examples of epidermotropic metastatic breast carcinoma with striking intraepidermal involvement. The first case mimicked melanoma because the neoplastic cells contained melanin and were disposed both as single units and as nests at the dermoepidermal junction and throughout the epidermis. In the second case, the neoplastic cells were seen as isolated neoplastic cells with large, pale cytoplasm scattered throughout the epidermis, closely resembling extramammary Paget's disease. Immunohistochemical studies in both cases demonstrated the epithelial nature of intraepidermal neoplastic cells, which showed an immunophenotype identical to the neoplastic cells present in the dermis: positive staining with anti-cytokeratins, CEA, EMA, and GCDFP-15 and negative with anti-S-100 protein and HMB-45. These findings ruled out the possibility of a collision lesion, or simultaneous occurrence of melanoma and metastatic breast carcinoma. Pagetoid intraepidermal spread of metastatic breast carcinoma, as in our two cases, is exceptional. We also discuss the histogenetic similarities between our findings and those of mammary and extramammary Paget's disease, as well as the differential diagnosis of other cutaneous disorders characterized by pagetoid intraepidermal spread of neoplastic cells.
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PMID:Epidermotropically metastatic breast carcinomas. Rare histopathologic variants mimicking melanoma and Paget's disease. 887 3


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