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Query: UMLS:C0268596 (EMA)
 2,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Bladder cancer stem (initiating) cell has not been isolated now, and no one verified its persistence experimentally. The aim of this study was to conclude the persistence of bladder cancer stem (initiating) cell in human primary bladder cancer and investigate the possibility of EMA(-) CD44v6(+) as markers of bladder cancer stem (initiating) cell. Genes differentially expressed between normal urothelium and low malignant bladder cancer were identified by DNA array assay. Overpressed stem cell related genes, Bmi-1 and EZH2, were verified by immunohistochemistry. Side population cells in bladder cancer were found under fluorescence microscope. The value of 28 potential surface markers of bladder cancer stem (initiating) cell for isolating them were judged by immunohistochemistry. Both EMA(-) and CD44v6(+) cells located in basal layer (potential location of stem cells). After gathering the CD44v6(+) cells and EMA(-) cells by magnetic cell sorting, their ability for colony-forming, self-renewal and extensive proliferation were assayed by cells culture. Both EMA(-) cells and CD44v6(+) cells posses the ability for colony-forming, self-renewal and proliferation. We conclude the persistence of bladder cancer stem (initiating) cell. Bladder cancer stem (initiating) cell might be among EMA(-) CD44v6(+) subset. Our strategies for isolating bladder cancer stem (initiating) cell might be useful for isolating other undetermined epithelial cancer stem cell, especially those in well-differentiated cancers.
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PMID:Bladder cancer initiating cells (BCICs) are among EMA-CD44v6+ subset: novel methods for isolating undetermined cancer stem (initiating) cells. 1860 9

In this article, we review the origin and therapeutic perspectives of bladder cancer stem cells (BCSCs), which are integral to the initiation, high recurrence and chemoresistance of bladder cancer. BCSCs are heterogenous and originate from multiple cell types, including urothelial stem cells and differentiated cell types, including basal, intermediate stratum and umbrella cells. Cell surface markers, including CD44, CD67LR, EMA, ALDH1A1 and BCMab1, are used to identify and isolate BCSCs. The Hedgehog, Notch, Wnt and JAK-STAT signaling pathways play key roles in maintaining the stemness, self-renewal and proliferative potential of BCSCs. High expression of ABC transporters, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, antioxidants and apoptosis resistance proteins in BCSCs play a critical role in chemoresistance. Consequently, a greater understanding of the biology of BCSCs will be important for identifying effective therapeutic targets to improve clinical outcomes for bladder cancer patients.
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PMID:Bladder cancer stem cells: clonal origin and therapeutic perspectives. 2902 46

Five programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors are currently approved for treatment of locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and the upper urinary tract. Due to restrictions by the FDA and EMA first-line treatment with Atezolizumab and Pembrolizumab in platinum-ineligible patients requires immunohistochemical PD-L1 testing. In the second-line setting all drugs are approved without PD-L1 testing. Used PD-L1 assays in clinical trials include the 28-8 pharmDx (Nivolumab), the 22C3 pharmDx (Pembrolizumab), Ventana SP142 (Atezolizumab), and the Ventana PD-L1 SP263 assays (Durvalumab). Differences in antibodies, needed platforms and testing algorithms have raised questions about interchangeability and comparability among these assays and their diagnostic use. We provide a practical review about the current recommendations, used assays and algorithms of PD-L1 testing in urothelial carcinoma to help oncologists, urologists and pathologists to understand analytical features, differences in antibody assays, differences in scoring algorithms and comparability of various PD-L1 assays. We reviewed and summarized published studies from the last four years (2016-2019) on PD-L1 testing in bladder cancer and present a condensed practical guideline including pre-analytical, analytical and test-specific issues.
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PMID:PD-L1 assessment in urothelial carcinoma: a practical approach. 3193 91