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The Aurora B kinase complex is a critical regulator of chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. In Caenorhabditis elegans, AIR-2 (Aurora B) function requires ICP-1 (Incenp) and BIR-1 (Survivin). In various systems, Aurora B binds to orthologues of these proteins. Through genetic analysis, we have identified a new subunit of the Aurora B kinase complex, CSC-1. C. elegans embryos depleted of CSC-1, AIR-2, ICP-1, or BIR-1 have identical phenotypes. CSC-1, BIR-1, and ICP-1 are interdependent for their localization, and all are required for AIR-2 localization. In vitro, CSC-1 binds directly to BIR-1. The CSC-1/BIR-1 complex, but not the individual subunits, associates with ICP-1. CSC-1 associates with ICP-1, BIR-1, and AIR-2 in vivo. ICP-1 dramatically stimulates AIR-2 kinase activity. This activity is not stimulated by CSC-1/BIR-1, suggesting that these two subunits function as targeting subunits for AIR-2 kinase.
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PMID:CSC-1: a subunit of the Aurora B kinase complex that binds to the survivin-like protein BIR-1 and the incenp-like protein ICP-1. 1270 12

A microwave digestion technique using a mixture of HF + HNO(3) + HCl + H(3)BO(3) was found to be effective for the rapid dissolution of various silicate rock and sediment reference samples. From the solutions thus prepared, it was possible to determine quantitatively trace and ultratrace amounts of yttrium, thorium, uranium and the lanthanides by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) without any separation of matrix elements or preconcentration. In the ICP-MS determinations, oxide and non-spectral interferences on individual masses of the rare earth element ions were corrected by the method of algebraic approach of elimination and dilution, respectively, and measurement drift was controlled by ruthenium and rhenium internal standards. The method yielded excellent results comparable with "recommended", "consensus" and "working" values of the literature for the specified elements on various well-known international reference materials such as andesite (AGV-1), basalts (BCR-1, BHVO-1, BIR-1 and BE-N), granites (G-2 and NIM-G), syenite (SY-2), gabbro (MRG-1), diabase (W-2 and DNC-1), marine mud (MAG-1), river sediment (NBS 1645), lake sediments (LKSD-1-LKSD-4) and stream sediment (GSD-1, GSD-5, GSD-6 and STSD-1-STSD-4)). New values for Er, Gd, Ho, Pr and Tm in LKSD-1-LKSD-4 and STSD-1-STSD-4, and Er, Ho, Lu, Nd, Pr, Tb, Tm and Yb in NBS 1645 are first reported in this work.
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PMID:Direct ICP-MS determination of trace and ultratrace elements in geological materials after decomposition in a microwave oven. I. Quantitation of Y, Th, U and the lanthanides. 1896 93

The Aurora kinase complex, also called the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), is essential for faithful chromosome segregation and completion of cell division. In Fungi and Animalia, this complex consists of the kinase Aurora B/AIR-2/Ipl1p, INCENP/ICP-1/Sli15p, and Survivin/BIR-1/Bir1p. A fourth subunit, Borealin/Dasra/CSC-1, is required for CPC targeting to centromeres and central spindles and has only been found in Animalia. Here we identified a new core component of the CPC in budding yeast, Nbl1p. NBL1 is essential for viability and nbl1 mutations cause chromosome missegregation and lagging chromosomes. Nbl1p colocalizes and copurifies with the CPC, and it is essential for CPC localization, stability, integrity, and function. Nbl1p is related to the N-terminus of Borealin/Dasra/CSC-1 and is similarly involved in connecting the other CPC subunits. Distant homology searching identified nearly 200, mostly unannotated, Borealin/Dasra/CSC-1-related proteins from nearly 150 species within Fungi and Animalia. Analysis of the sequence of these proteins, combined with comparative protein structure modeling of Bir1p-Nbl1p-Sli15p using the crystal structure of the human Survivin-Borealin-INCENP complex, revealed a striking structural conservation across a broad range of species. Our biological and computational analyses therefore establish that the fundamental design of the CPC is conserved from Fungi to Animalia.
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PMID:Nbl1p: a Borealin/Dasra/CSC-1-like protein essential for Aurora/Ipl1 complex function and integrity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 1915 80

Manganese oxides are known as one type of semiconductors, but their photocatalysis characteristics have not been deeply explored. In this study, photocatalytic degradation of phenol using several synthesized manganese oxides, i.e, acidic birnessite (BIR-H), alkaline birnessite (BIR-OH), cryptomelane (CRY) and todorokite (TOD), were comparatively investigated. To elucidate phenol degradation mechanisms, X-ray diffraction (XRD), ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy), TEM (transmission electronic microscope), N2 physisorption at 77 K and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS) were employed to characterize the structural, compositional, morphological, specific surface area and optical absorption properties of the manganese oxides. After 12 hr of UV-Vis irradiation, the total organic carbon (TOC) removal rate reached 62.1%, 43.1%, 25.4%, and 22.5% for cryptomelane, acidic birnessite, todorokite and alkaline birnessite, respectively. Compared to the reactions in the dark condition, UV-Vis exposure improved the TOC removal rates by 55.8%, 31.9%, 23.4% and 17.9%. This suggests a weak ability of manganese oxides to degrade phenol in the dark condition, while UV-Vis light irradiation could significantly enhance phenol degradation. The manganese minerals exhibited photocatalytic activities in the order of: CRY > BIR-H > TOD > BIR-OH. There may be three possible mechanisms for photochemical degradation: (1) direct photolysis of phenol; (2) direct oxidation of phenol by manganese oxides; (3) photocatalytic oxidation of phenol by manganese oxides. Photocatalytic oxidation of phenol appeared to be the dominant mechanism.
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PMID:Roles of manganese oxides in degradation of phenol under UV-Vis irradiation: adsorption, oxidation, and photocatalysis. 2243 17

Accurate and precise determination of the redox state of iron (Fe) in spinels presents a significant challenge due to their refractory nature. The resultant extreme conditions needed to obtain complete dissolution generally oxidize some of the Fe(II) initially present and thus prevent the use of colorimetric methods for Fe(II) measurements. To overcome this challenge we developed a hybrid oxidimetric/colorimetric approach, using Ag(I) as the oxidimetric reagent for determination of Fe(II) and 1,10-phenanthroline as the colorimetric reagent for determination of total Fe. This approach, which allows determination of Fe(II) and total Fe on the same sample, was tested on a series of four geochemical reference materials and then applied to the analysis of Fe(Ni) spinel crystals isolated from simulated high-level-waste (HLW) glass and of several reagent magnetites. Results for the reference materials were in excellent agreement with recommended values, with the exception of USGS BIR-1, for which higher Fe(II) values and lower total Fe values were obtained. The Fe(Ni) spinels showed Fe(II) values at the detection limit (ca. 0.03 wt% Fe) and total Fe values higher than obtained by ICP-AES analysis after decomposition by lithium metaborate/tetraborate fusion. For the magnetite samples, total Fe values were in agreement with reference results, but a wide range in Fe(II) values was obtained indicating various degrees of conversion to maghemite. Formal comparisons of accuracy and precision were made with 13 existing methods. Accuracy for Fe(II) and total Fe was at or near the top of the group. Precision varied with the parameter used to measure it but was generally in the middle to upper part of the group for Fe(II) while that for total Fe ranged from the bottom of the group to near the top.
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PMID:Determination of ferrous and total iron in refractory spinels. 2687 65