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 10,007 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the last 16 years, 33 children have been treated for brain abscesses. Fifteen (45.5%) presented with cyanogenic congenital heart disease; eleven (33.5%) with E.N.T. infection. The standardized treatment protocol included puncture of the abscess, antibiotherapy and anti-edematous drugs. Postoperative permanent epidural ICP monitoring and, in the last 6 years, repeated CT scans indicated when it was necessary to tap the abscess again or to reinforce the anti-edematous treatment. However, in 3 of these 33 cases, the abscess had to be removed. Postoperative mortality rate was 3%. Overall mortality rate was 6%. Neurological sequelae were slight. Epilepsy occurred in 10%. Mental retardation (16%) was only found in children with cyanogenic congenital heart diseases. Repeated CT scans showed the progressive disappearance, within a few months, of the abscess membranes. This study shows an improvement in the results when brain abscesses in children are punctured rather than excised.
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PMID:[Cerebral abscesses in children treated by puncture. A 16 year-experience]. 716 18

The first part of comparison study was based on the properties of different sorbents. These included different forms of manganese oxides, and specific organic ion-exchangers: HYPHAN and POLYORGS. In order to provide reproducible samples with moderate presence of possible interferences, spiked tap water was used for this first set of experiments. Results indicate that the sorption of Th, U, Pu and Am varies for different forms of manganese oxides. These variations are attributed to different physico-chemical properties of the oxides. HYPHAN was limited in its sorption to Th and U. The manganese oxide dissolved rapidly and the radiochemical separation procedure was quick and simple using extraction chromatography techniques. The radionuclides in the water samples were determined by ICP-MS and/or alpha spectrometry.
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PMID:Pre-concentration of actinoids from waters: a comparison of various sorbents 1087 74

A fast and accurate procedure has been developed for the determination of uranium at microg L(-1) level in tap and mineral water. The method is based on the direct introduction of samples, without any chemical pre-treatment, into an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). Uranium was determined at the mass number 238 using Rh as internal standard. The method provides a limit of detection of 2 ng L(-1) and a good repeatability with relative standard deviation values (RSD) about 3% for five independent analyses of samples containing 73 microg L(-1) of uranium. Recovery percentage values found for the determination of uranium in spiked natural samples varied between 91% and 106%. Results obtained are comparable with those found by radiochemical methods for natural samples and of the same order for the certified content of a reference material, thus indicating the accuracy of the ICP-MS procedure without the need of using isotope dilution. A series of mineral and tap waters from different parts of Spain and Morocco were analysed.
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PMID:Determination of uranium in tap water by ICP-MS. 1122 75

The determination of manganese(II) in tap water and effluent streams, using a solid-phase reactor incorporated into a sequential injection system was investigated. Mn2+-ions in samples injected into a carrier stream, were oxidised by solid lead(IV) dioxide suspended on silica gel beads to form MnO4- -ions which were detected spectrophotometrically at 526 nm. The linear range of the system is from 1 to 7 mg L(-1) with a detection limit of 0.62 mg L(-1). The proposed system is suitable for the determination of manganese(II) in tap and effluent streams at a rate of approximately 50 samples per hour with a relative standard deviation of better than 3%. Statistical comparison between the proposed sequential injection system and a standard ICP method revealed that there is no significant difference between the two methods at the 95% confidence level for effluent streams and at 99.9% for tap water.
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PMID:Solid-phase reactors in sequential injection analysis. Determination of manganese (II) in tap water and effluent streams using a solid-phase lead(IV) dioxide reactor in a sequential injection system. 1150 68

Our aim was to determine boron levels in waters of rich boron mine areas in Turkey. There is a naturally occurring high level of boron in the ground waters of some parts of Turkey. Our study area is Hisarcik village in the Kutahya Province of Turkey which has a large number of boron mines. Boron occurs in combined form, usually borax (Na2B4O7 x 10H2O) and colemanite (Ca2B6O11 x 5H2O). Water samples were collected from many springs in order to determine boron concentrations and the amount of boron that is exposed to 88 samples from the drinking water (tap water), 37 from ground water and 257 from stream or pond water (surface water). Urine samples taken from 42 residents in this area were analyzed for boron and compared with its levels in drinking waters. The inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) method was used for the analysis of boron concentrations. Water boron contents at differing locations of this area ranged from 2.05 to 29.00 mg B/l. Mean value of boron was 10.20+/-4.08 mg B/l. Total urinary boron excretion was ranged from 0.04 to 50.70 mg B/l and mean value was 8.30+/-10.91 mg B/l. Current information on sources, occurrence, pollution potential and toxicity of environmental boron is discussed.
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PMID:Environmental boron contamination in waters of Hisarcik area in the Kutahya Province of Turkey. 1290 76

An estimate was made of daily uranium intake in Italy through human diet and drinking water. The uranium concentration was determined in food, drinking water, and other beverages. Uranium concentration was also determined in a "total diet" sampled in 1999. The total daily dietary intake was estimated to be in the range 2.9-4.8 microg d(-1). The contribution of drinking water to the total uranium intake is sometimes significant as the uranium concentration range in 29 analyzed tap and bottled "mineral" waters is 0.04-5.86 microg L(-1) and the drinking water consumption about 1 L d(-1) or more. Data obtained in this study were compared with data from literature on the uranium daily intake in other countries. Urine samples were collected from 24 male and 14 female occupationally unexposed subjects, 20-50 y of age, living and working in the district of Rome (Italy). The mean concentration found was 10 +/- 7.0 ng L(-1); the inter-subject variability and the daily variability was evaluated. Analyses were performed using ICP-MS.
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PMID:Uranium daily intake and urinary excretion: a preliminary study in Italy. 1293 71

Particulates extracted from a single section of a 10,000 year-old ice core melt sample exhibited characteristics of contemporary, airborne fine particulates: a majority were microcrystalline particulates and aggregated microcrystals, including some mixtures of microcrystals and carbonaceous matter. Particularly significant were the presence of carbon nanotubes and fullerene nanocrystals composing aggregated particulates reflecting global combustion products similar to contemporary, airborne carbon nanocrystal aggregates. ICP elemental analysis of the melt water showed significant concentrations of Ca, K and especially Na (corresponding to K, NaCl), S, Si, Se, and Zn. Overall, the elemental analysis of the melt water is similar to local tap water. However, lead was absent in the local tap water and only half the concentration of selenium was present in the tap water in contrast to the ice core water. While these observations cannot be generalized, the methodology illustrates the potential to characterize and compare airborne particulate regimes and water chemistries in antiquity.
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PMID:Chemistry and nanoparticulate compositions of a 10,000 year-old ice core melt water. 1549 74

A technique using a flow injection microcolumn separation coupled with ICP-MS detection has been developed for the speciation of Al in drink samples. The retention behaviors of different Al species were studied with 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) loaded silylanization silica gel as the packing material and inorganic acid (HNO3) as the elution. The results indicated that in a pH range of 5.0 to 8.0, all labile monomeric Al species were retained on the microcolumn while nonlabile monomeric Al species were directly passed through the column. Various Al species after separation were detected by ICP-MS. The detection limit of 0.2 ng mL(-1) and a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 4.2% at 10 ng mL(-1) (n = 11) were achieved, and the recoveries for the spiked samples were 95-108%. The proposed method has been applied to the analysis of Al species in tea infusions, coffee, and tap waters with satisfactory results. The results obtained by this method were compared with that obtained by the cation exchange microcolumn separation and ICP-MS detection system, and some valuable conclusions were drawn.
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PMID:Speciation of aluminum in drink samples by 8-hydroxyquinoline loaded silylanization silica gel microcolumn separation with off-line ICP-MS detection. 1553 84

Electrochemically controlled solid-phase extractions of anions were interfaced on-line to electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), using polypyrrole coated electrodes and a thin-layer electrochemical (EC) flow cell. The results indicate that electrochemically controlled solid-phase extraction (EC-SPE) can be used as a versatile potential controlled sample preparation technique for a range of anions and that the properties of the polypyrrole coatings can be modified by altering the electrodeposition conditions. In the present study, the influence of interfering anions (i.e., fluoride and sulfate), and the anion used during the electropolymerisation, on the bromide extraction recovery was investigated for EC-SPE interfaced to ICP-MS. The results of these experiments show that the interference due to the presence of similar concentrations of sulfate can be reduced when using a polypyrrole coating electropolymerised in the presence of bromide ions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements were also used to study the morphology of the coatings, as well as the variations in the film thickness within the coatings. The effect of different desorption techniques on the bromide preconcentration factor in the ICP-MS on-line flow system was also examined. Stopped-flow desorption was found to give rise to significantly increased preconcentration factors in comparison with desorptions in flowing solutions. While the desorption efficiency depends on the type of desorption electrolyte (the electrolyte in which the desorption takes place), due to the competing influx of cations, the influence of the pH on the switching charge of the polypyrrole coating was found to be small, at constant ionic strength. To study the applicability of the EC-SPE technique with respect to real samples, investigations were also made with tap water samples spiked with different bromide concentrations. The results of these experiments, which were carried out using a modified thin-layer EC flow cell allowing in situ polymerisation of polypyrrole yielding a polymer plug covering the cross section of the channel, demonstrate that 3 microM concentrations of bromide could be detected in the tap water sample. This demonstrates that the extraction technique allows extractions of low concentrations of ions in the presence of significantly higher concentrations of other similar ions. The fact that the extraction and desorption steps are electrochemically controlled makes EC-SPE particularly well suited for inclusion in miniaturised lab-on-a-chip systems.
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PMID:On-line electrochemically controlled solid-phase extraction interfaced to electrospray and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. 1617 60

Stripping analysis has been widely recognised as a powerful tool in trace metal analysis. Its remarkable sensitivity is attributed to the combination of a preconcentration step coupled with pulse measurements that generate an extremely high signal-to-background ratio. Mercury-based electrodes have traditionally been used to achieve high reproducibility and sensitivity in the stripping technique. Because of the toxicity of mercury, however, new alternative electrode materials are highly desired, particularly for on-site monitoring. Use of thin films of bismuth deposited on platinum or glassy-carbon substrates has recently been proposed as a possible alternative to mercury--bismuth is "environmentally friendly", of low toxicity, and is in widespread pharmaceutical use. In this paper the preparation of economic bismuth-film microelectrodes by electrodeposition on a copper substrate and their application to heavy metal analysis are described. Bismuth-film electrodes were prepared by potentiostatic electrodeposition. Optimum conditions for chemical and electrochemical deposition to obtain an adherent, reproducible, and robust deposit were determined. The suitability of such microelectrodes for analysis of heavy metals was evaluated by anodic stripping voltammetry of cadmium. The analytical performance of bismuth-film electrodes for anodic stripping voltammetry of heavy metals was evaluated for non-deaerated solutions containing Cd2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ ions. Well-defined peaks with low background current were obtained by use of differential pulse voltammetry. Linear calibration plots were obtained for Cd2+ in acidified tap water at concentrations ranging from 2 x 10(-8) to 1 x 10(-7) mol L(-1) and from 1 x 10(-7) to 1 x 10(-6) mol L(-1) with relative standard deviations of 5% (n = 15) at the 1 x 10(-7) mol L(-1) level. The method was then successfully used to monitor the Cd2+ content of plant extracts and validated by polarographic and ICP-MS measurements. These results open the possibility of using bismuth-coated copper electrodes as an alternative to mercury-based electrodes for analysis of heavy metals. The main problem remaining, which prevents on-site monitoring of heavy metals, is the need to use slightly acidic media, because formation of bismuth hydroxide on the film surface above pH 4.3 leads to non-reproducible measurements. Further experiments will be performed to discover whether electrode conditioning can be used to enable reproducible measurement in on-site monitoring of cadmium in natural waters. Moreover, further study should be conducted to evaluate the potential of BiFE for analysis of several pollutants of interest that are usually determined electrochemically by using mercury-based electrodes.
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PMID:Economic bismuth-film microsensor for anodic stripping analysis of trace heavy metals using differential pulse voltammetry. 1621 56


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