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 10,007 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The cerebral effects of alterations in plasma osmolality (Osm) and colloid oncotic pressure (COP) were examined in normocarbic, normothermic, pentobarbital-anesthetized rabbits that had been subjected to cryogenic brain injury. Monitored variables in all animals included mean arterial, right atrial, and intracranial pressures (MAP, CVP, and ICP), electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings, and cerebral blood flow (CBF). When surgical preparation was complete, a left parietal lesion was produced with liquid nitrogen. Group 1 (control, n = 8) animals subsequently received only maintenance fluids [lactated Ringer's solution (LR)]. One hour after injury, 3 other groups of animals underwent 45 minutes of plasmapheresis, carried out by arterial phlebotomy (packed red cells returned), with separated plasma being replaced by one of three fluids given in amounts sufficient to maintain MAP and CVP at baseline values. The three fluids were 1) 6% hetastarch in hypo-osmotic LR [Group 2 (Hypo-Osm), n = 6; COP = 21 mm Hg, Osm = 130 mOsm/kg]; 2) iso-osmotic LR [Group 3 (Hypo-COP), n = 8; COP = 0; Osm = 305]; and 3) 6% hetastarch in iso-osmotic LR [Group 4 (Iso-Osm/COP), n = 8; COP = 21, Osm = 310]. The animals were killed by exsanguination 25 minutes after completion of plasmapheresis. The brain was removed, the hemispheres separated, weighed, and sliced, and the specific gravities (SpGr) of the regional tissue determined. There were no differences in MAP, CVP, regional CBF, or EEG activity among the groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Acute effects of changing plasma osmolality and colloid oncotic pressure on the formation of brain edema after cryogenic injury. 271 75

Both metabolic rate and protein catabolism are known to increase following severe head trauma, but the etiology of this hypermetabolism is unknown. To further investigate the problem, we studied the metabolism of 17 patients with indirect calorimetry who had severe craniocerebral trauma only and who required ICP monitoring for management. Patients were studied daily and immediately after ICP spikes greater than 20 mm Hg, prior to treatment with hyperventilation, osmotic diuretics, or barbiturates. Oxygen consumption (VO2) was correlated with ICP. Two groups of patients were identified. Group I patients were treated with hyperventilation and osmotic diuretics while Group II patients additionally received cerebral metabolic depressants. Group I had a significant correlation coefficient between VO2 and ICP. Significant hypercatabolism early in the post trauma period was demonstrated by increased urine urea nitrogen. Our observations suggest that in patients with craniocerebral trauma, elevated ICP is associated with increased oxygen consumption, protein catabolism and systemic hypermetabolism. Cerebral metabolic depressants blunted increases in VO2 which were seen with elevated ICP.
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PMID:Elevated intracranial pressure associated with hypermetabolism in isolated head trauma. 317 29

For the determination of main and minor components in silicon-based ceramic powders, a decomposition by a combustion with elemental fluorine and separation of the volatile fluorination products by a carrier-gas distillation with a subsequent detection by quadrupole mass spectrometry is described. The necessity and success of the separation step is demonstrated for the determination of boron as a minor constituent in SiC, where the spectral interferences of silicon on the boron signals are decreased considerably. The method developed is shown to be directly applicable to determination of silicon in Si3N4, SiC, and SiO2. The determination of nitrogen in Si3N4 requires additional effort, to separate nitrogen from the excess of fluorine. For the determination of boron, a complete mobilization of BF3 is assured by the presence of an adequate amount of GeF4. Analysis results obtained with different types of calibration show a precision of 30 microg for boron at the milligram-per-gram level and a precision between 0.5 and 2% (m/m) for the main components, silicon and nitrogen. Within these standard deviations, the results agree well with the values expected from the stoichiometry, with the results for silicon and boron obtained by wet chemical decomposition and slurry techniques in combination with ICP-OES and with the results for nitrogen obtained by carrier gas heat extraction.
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PMID:Determination of main and minor components of silicon based materials by a combustion with elemental fluorine. Separation of gaseous fluorination products by carrier gas distillation and gas mass spectrometry 1095 76

The simultaneous injection of volatile hydride species and hydrogen gas, originating in reagent decomposition, was monitored during the operation of a continuous hydride generation manifold employed for the determination of trace arsenic by HG-ICP-AES. Line and background intensities as well as the FWHM of the hydrogen Hgamma and Hdelta lines were measured, and electron number densities (ne) estimated from Stark broadening of the line profiles. Results were compared with those obtained by conventional pneumatic injection of aqueous solutions. Overlapping with atomic nitrogen lines at 410 nm and 411 nm tends to distort the Hdelta line profile for the hydrogen-seeded plasma, rendering unreliable results. The N I lines seem to be quenched by the presence of water aerosol. More consistent results were obtained with the Hgamma line. When no solutions are pumped through the hydride generation manifold ("dry" plasma), the measured ne value was (1.57 +/- 0.22) x 10(15)cm(-3). Conversely, when the reducing reagent flow was replaced by pure water (corresponding to the injection of water vapor in equilibrium that is swept by the argon carrier gas passing through the phase separator), the electron concentration is 25% higher. In that case the ne value agrees between the experimental error with that obtained for a plasma in which a water aerosol is introduced at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. An enhancement of 52% relative is observed in ne when the system is operated under optimized conditions for arsine generation, employing sodium tetrahydroborate in acidic medium as reducing agent (i.e. hydrogen seeded plasma). It was also observed that the continuum emission near 410 nm for the hydrogen containing plasma correlates with the measured electron number density, suggesting that the background enhancement under hydride generation conditions may respond to the ion-electron recombination mechanism.
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PMID:Evaluation of hydrogen line emission and argon plasma electron concentrations resulting from the gaseous sample injection involved in hydride generation-ICP-atomic emission spectrometric analysis. 1122 63

The article reviews effects of nitrogen (N) deposition on beech forest ecosystems in Europe. On the basis of beech plots of the Pan-European Monitoring Programme of ICP Forests and the EU, the deposition of N compounds as well as input-output budgets are listed and compared with studies in North America. The authors also discuss the critical threshold for N leaching. At present, N is leached in 10% of the plots evaluated. An in-depth evaluation of a beech plot in central Germany is presented. The high N leaching results in a considerable increase (four times higher N content in 2000 compared to 1965) in the export of nitrate from the beech forests from a nearby source. Finally, ecophysiological indicators (N content in beech leaves, fine root system, N content, root/shoot ratios) are discussed as a result of high N input.
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PMID:Assessments of impacts of nitrogen deposition on beech forests: results from the Pan-European Monitoring Programme. 1280

Two coordination compounds formed between Eu(III) and Tb(III) with ofloxacin have been synthesized. Molecular formula Ln(oflo)3Cl3.8H2O has been deduced from elemental chemical analysis and ICP.FTIR spectroscopy shows that both carbonyl and carboxy groups may coordinate the lanthanide cation(Eu3+/Tb3+) to form a stable six-membered ring. The reaction between lanthanide and ofloxacin can be accomplished without any additional base since FTIR suggests the proton transportation from the carboxyl group to the tertiary nitrogen. The complex containing Eu3+ was proved to be excited with the broad band from 200 to 450 nm. Between the two complexes is studied, Eu3+ is the most efficiently sensitized by ofloxacin, while Tb3+ is the least. The disappearance of the ligand fluorescence and the strong emitting of Eu3+ in the complex, which is ascribed to the transitions 5D0-7F0, 5D0-7F1, 5D0-7F2 respectively, make it clear that some well energy transfer has happened. But complex Tb(oflo)3Cl3.8H2O irradiates lights from both ligand and Tb3+.
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PMID:[Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of complexes of trivalent lanthanide ions Eu(III) and Tb(III)]. 1293 17

An enamel fragment from the Border Cave 5 specimen was analysed with non-destructive ESR combined with laser ablation ICP-MS for uranium profiling. We obtained an age of 74+/-5 ka which fits exactly into the chronological framework that has been previously established for Border Cave by a variety of dating techniques. The result lays at rest the view that BC5 could be of Iron Age, as was implied by (Journal of Human Evolution, 31 (1996) 499) based on nitrogen contents and infra-red splitting factors.
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PMID:On the age of Border Cave 5 human mandible. 1452 50

The kinetics of pyrolysis of electronic packaging material are investigated under various heating rates (5, 10, 15, 20 K/min) in an inert atmosphere using a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) technique. The pyrolysis characteristics of samples are examined by SEM, XRD, FTIR, ICP-MS and EA. The effect of heating condition on the surface area and pore structure of samples is discussed. Two reaction stages are involved for the pyrolysis of electronic packaging material when nitrogen is present in the carrier gas. The corresponding kinetic parameters, including activation energy, pre-exponential factor and reaction order are presented. The apparent activation energies can be divided into three groups. The results will be useful in developing pyrolysis or incineration systems for plastic waste from electronic components.
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PMID:Pyrolysis kinetics of electronic packaging material in a nitrogen atmosphere. 1456

The distribution of trace metals based on surface sediments collected at 40 stations across Florida Bay was done in June, November and February 2000-2001. Concentrations of Sc, V, Ba, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Mn, Ni, Zn, Al and Mg were determined by ICP-MS, and the total Fe was determined by spectrophotometry. Organic carbon (OC), nitrogen (N), and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) were also measured. Eleven of 13 metals showed a similar distribution pattern for the various months studied. Maximum concentrations of metals were lower than those found in most estuarine systems and were concentrated in the north-central and western zones of the Bay. The Mn and Fe concentrations, unlike the other metals, gradually decreased from north (Everglades) to south (Florida Keys). Some metals (Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb and Ba) associated with petroleum use showed high concentrations at stations near the Tavernier marina. Florida Bay sediments are predominately CaCO3 (65.9-92.5%). The greatest value for OC (5.5%) and the lowest value of CaCO3 (65.9%) were found in the western zone. Trace metal distribution patterns are similar to the OC and N in the sediments. There was a strong correlation between most metals (V>Cu>Ni>Cr>Al>Co>Ba>Zn>Pb>Mg) and the percentage of OC. The maximum C/N values (9-12) were observed at the stations with the highest OC, where dense colonies of seagrass are found and most of the metals are concentrated. All metals except Mg, Mn and Co showed a strong correlation with Al and the fine fraction of the sediments (aluminosilicates) associated with continental input and river runoff.
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PMID:The distribution of trace metals in Florida Bay sediments. 1460 40

This study examines detrimental effects of acid mine drainage (AMD) on stream invertebrate communities and tests for a direct relationship between trophic position and accumulation of three metals (Fe, Cu, Zn) by stream invertebrates in situ. On two dates in each of seven stream sites, we measured food chain length, mean trophic level, taxa richness, and trophic position of stream macroinvertebrates comprising the food webs using stable nitrogen isotope ratios. Metals in tissue of representatives of 35 taxa were measured by ICP-OES. Our results are the first direct comparison of uptake of these metals in stream invertebrate taxa according to trophic position as identified by delta15N. As predicted, metal concentrations were generally greater in water and insects from sites adjacent to mining activity and invertebrate taxa richness was significantly lower. Taxa richness increased with distance away from contaminated headwaters. Despite reductions in diversity at sites nearest AMD, food chain length and mean trophic level did not differ between streams. The relationship between trophic position and metal accumulation differed considerably among metals. Specifically, Fe declined (biodilution) and Zn increased (biomagnification) with trophic level, but trophic position had no effect on Cu levels in these insects. Our results highlight fundamental differences in trophic transfer of specific metals through aquatic food webs and identify ecologically important impacts of AMD on stream invertebrates.
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PMID:Analyzing trophic transfer of metals in stream food webs using nitrogen isotopes. 1463 Apr 13


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