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A sensitive assay using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) has been applied to the measurement of trace elements in diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb) solutions. Calcium, magnesium, zinc and iron were the only elements detected at greater than background levels. Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb, Se, Si, Sr, Ti, and V were present at concentrations either equal to the acid blanks or were not detected. Detection of non-heme iron (not incorporated into the hemoglobin porphyrin ring) in a 10 g/dL hemoglobin solution required the development of a special protocol. In this protocol a chelator, DTPA, was added to hemoglobin solutions to complex with both free and non-specifically bound non-heme iron. The resulting iron:DTPA complexes were separated from the hemoglobin molecules by ultrafiltration and the ultra-filtrate analyzed by ICP-AES. A modification of this assay in which the DTPA was omitted was used to measure the free non-heme iron in solution. Typical concentrations of chelatable (free and non-specifically bound) and solution (free) non-heme iron in DCLHb production lots at the completion of manufacture were 0.5-1.0 ppm and 0.1-0.3 ppm, respectively.
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PMID:Trace element analyses of diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin solutions. 139 63

Distribution of cadmium (Cd) in liver supernatant was examined by gel filtration chromatography after injecting Cd intravenously into female Wistar rats and also by adding Cd in vitro into the control supernatant. Supernatants were analyzed on an HPLC Asahipak GST-520 column and on-line ICP (inductively coupled argon plasma-atomic emission spectrometer) analysis of the eluate (HPLC-ICP). The relative intensity of the three main Cd-associated peaks changed with time after injection of Cd into rats. The three peaks were tentatively assigned as Cd-binding protein-I and -II (Cd-BP-I and -II) and metallothionein (MT) in the order of respective elution from the column. Relative affinities of Cd for the three peaks were determined by injecting different doses of Cd into rats as follows: MT greater than Cd-BP-II greater than Cd-BP-I. Cd-BP-II was assigned as the major Cd-BP other than MT in the liver supernatant and it contained zinc that can be replaced by Cd. Comparison between the in vivo and in vitro Cd distributions indicated that the former distribution is not reproducible under any in vitro conditions examined and the latter distribution is dependent mostly upon incubation temperature.
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PMID:Different distribution of cadmium in the liver supernatant between in vivo and in vitro. 181 Dec 82

The combination of liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) was employed in an exploratory study to determine lead and other trace element species in blood components. In human blood serum, lead was found in at least three molecular weight fractions at greater than 600,000, 260,000, and 140,000. The major part of lead was coincident with the main copper signal at a molecular weight of 140,000. This fraction, binding both copper and lead, was proven to be ceruloplasmin by the application of an immunological reaction prior to chromatographic separation. In rat serum, lead could be detected in four fractions with molecular weights of greater than 600,000, 400,000, 145,000, and 11,000. In human red blood cell hemolysate, the major fraction of lead was found at 250,000, with minor fractions at 140,000 and at 30,000 together with iron in hemoglobin and zinc in carbonic anhydrase. In rat red blood cell hemolysate, lead was detected at greater than 600,000, 145,000, 30,000, and 11,000. Lead isotope ratios were determined in lead binding protein fractions with a precision of +/- 10%. The detection limit for lead in protein fractions was 0.15 micrograms.L-1.
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PMID:Determination of lead and other trace element species in blood by size exclusion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry. 182 13

Elemental analysis of plaque-like black deposits noted on the surface of teeth in zinc-deficient rats at necropsy was performed. Rats deficient in zinc show signs of abnormality in iron metabolism and increase or accumulation of iron in plasma and tissues. This study was designed, therefore, to examine the plasma and salivary levels of iron and other elements and to determine the distribution of mineral elements in the dental substances of zinc-deficient rats by contact microradiography, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and X-ray fluorescent element mapping spectrometry (XEMS) on ground sections of teeth. Rat tooth specimens were analyzed also for zinc, iron, copper and manganese using colorimetry and Inductively Coupled Plasma, ICP. EPMA and XEMS analyses revealed the presence of iron on the enamel surface of maxillary molars teeth of zinc-deficient rats. However, no such deposition was seen on those of controls. The zinc-deficient rats showed higher iron concentration in mixed saliva and in plasma, compared with the controls. Thus, the sign of abnormality in iron metabolism noted in the oral cavity of zinc-deficient rats was investigated by EPMA and XEMS analyses, with discussion on the origin of supradental iron deposits.
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PMID:Studies on the distribution of mineral elements in the tooth of zinc-deficient rats. 213 64

The concentration of 17 elements in dust sediments from impacted and background regions of the GDR had been analysed by ICP. Measuring points with concentrations of Cadmium, Lead, Zinc, Copper, Chromium, or Vanadium above the 84.1-percentile of all measuring points are listed and ranked under public health aspects.
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PMID:[Concentrations of heavy metals in dust precipitation and estimate of the load status in the GDR. Results of a nation-wide study of 144 measuring points (1983-1988)]. 228 13

The effect of low dietary intake of zinc was studied in six normal infants with the use of 70Zn as an extrinsic tag. Of the two study formulas, one provided a zinc intake similar to that of customary infant formulas ("high" intake), whereas the other provided a "low" zinc intake. Two zinc absorption studies were performed with each formula (sequence: high-low-low-high). Extrinsically labeled formula was fed for 24 h and excreta were collected for 72 h. Zinc isotope ratios were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS). When zinc intake was high, net zinc absorption was 9.1 +/- 8.7% (mean +/- SD) of intake and net zinc retention was 74 +/- 91 micrograms/(kg.d). True zinc (70Zn) absorption was 16.8 +/- 5.8% of intake and fecal excretion of endogenous zinc was 78 +/- 56 micrograms/(kg.d). When zinc intake was low, net absorption of zinc increased significantly (P less than 0.001) to 26.0 +/- 13.0% of intake, but net retention was not significantly different at 42 +/- 33 micrograms/(kg.d). True absorption of zinc also increased significantly (P less than 0.001) to 41.1 +/- 7.8% of intake, whereas fecal endogenous zinc decreased (P less than 0.05) to 34 +/- 16 micrograms/(kg.d) during low zinc intake. Thus, infants maintain zinc balance in the face of low zinc intake through increased efficiency of absorption and decreased excretion of endogenous zinc.
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PMID:Effect of low zinc intake on absorption and excretion of zinc by infants studied with 70Zn as extrinsic tag. 260 Jun 69

A method was developed for the determination of seven trace elements (Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Rb, Mo, and Cs) in human serum by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Sample preparation was kept as limited as possible. As the only sample pretreatment serum samples were diluted with nitric acid and indium was added as an internal standard. The results for iron, cobalt, copper, and zinc were corrected for interferences from polyatomic ions by using a blank solution containing the same concentration of sodium, sulfur, chlorine, and calcium as human serum. For copper and zinc the corrections are small, whereas for iron and cobalt they are important. No interferences occur for the considered isotopes of rubidium, molybdenum, and cesium. In order to test the accuracy and precision of the analytical technique, a "second-generation biological reference material (human serum)" was analyzed. The results obtained by ICP-MS for the seven elements considered showed good agreement with the certified values.
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PMID:Determination of iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, rubidium, molybdenum, and cesium in human serum by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. 280 47

This preliminary report examines the possible disturbances in mineral and trace element metabolism in idiopathic ischaemic necrosis of the femoral head. Bony specimens from 45 femoral heads removed from patients with this condition were compared with 62 osteoarthritic and 10 normal femoral heads. Blood analysis was also carried out in the first two groups of patients, who were having joint replacement operations. The normal specimens were obtained at postmortem. Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, Copper, Manganese and Zinc were analysed in blood and bone by atom absorption spectrophotometry, and Cadmium, Chromium, Nickel and Lead by ICP emission spectroscopy. In ischaemic necrosis Magnesium and Copper are especially decreased, but the toxic trace elements Cadmium, Nickel, Lead and Chromium are found in a significantly higher concentration in the femoral head. It is submitted that these findings indicate the need for further investigation.
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PMID:Investigation of ischaemic necrosis of the femoral head with trace elements. 322 Jun 25

Serum calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc concentrations obtained from the analysis of 77 serum samples by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) are compared with the results obtained using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Similarly, serum sodium and potassium levels from the analysis of the same samples by ICP-AES are compared with the levels obtained by flame photometry. For each metal, we compare the results from both methods with a linear regression program that assumes error in both variables. The regression analysis shows that the ICP-AES method gives slightly higher calcium, copper, and zinc results and lower magnesium results than the AAS methods, and lower sodium and potassium results than the flame photometry method. Except for sodium, the correlation (r) between the results is very high (greater than or equal to 0.958), indicating that the ICP-AES results could be corrected to be equivalent to the atomic absorption or flame photometry results. The ICP-AES has the advantage of requiring less preparation and analysis time, and additional elements could be determined simultaneously in the same sample.
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PMID:Comparison of an inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry method for the determination of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper and zinc with atomic absorption spectroscopy and flame photometry methods. 322 95

Environmental monitoring during lost wax casting in jewelry handicrafts was performed for gold, silver, zinc and copper by means of personal samplers and ICP-AAS techniques were used for determining airborne metals. Personal sampling was prolonged for a working week by continuous monitoring during 8 hours shifts, replacing the membrane filter every 2 hours, in 6 workers; in the same workers urine samples were collected during the week and levels of Au, Ag, Zn and Cu were measured by ETA-AAS. During casting process Ag air concentrations ranged 0.27-0.6 mg/m3 while mean levels of Au, Cu, and Zn were 0.028 0.030 and 0.056 mg/m3 respectively. Urinary excretion of Ag (I) determined by solvent extraction and separation by liquid anion exchanger proved very high, after 24-36 h from the casting processes.
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PMID:[Environmental and biological monitoring of subjects occupationally exposed to precious metals (gold lost-wax casting)]. 383 10


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