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During 2 days of an offshore drilling operation in the North Sea, 16 airborne dust samples from the atmosphere of the Shale Shaker House were collected onto filters. During this operation, drilling mud composed of a water slurry of barite (BaSO4) together with minor amounts of additives, among them chrome lignosulphonate and chrome lignite, was circulated between the borehole and the Shale Shaker House. The concentration of airborne dust in the atmosphere was determined and the elemental composition of the particles analysed by both PIXE (proton-induced X-ray emission) and ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry). The total amount of dust collected varied from 0.04 to 1.41 mg m-3 with barium (Ba) as the single most abundant element. The open shale shakers turned out to be the major cause of generation of dust from the solid components of the drilling mud.
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PMID:Elemental composition of airborne dust in the Shale Shaker House during an offshore drilling operation. 176 13

Though dental composite materials leach filler elements when stored in distilled water, it is not known whether similar leaching occurs in saliva. The hypothesis to be tested was that due to ion exchange occurring at the filler surfaces, more filler elements leach from composites stored in a salt solution simulating saliva than from composites stored in distilled water. Another aim was to determine how matrix selection, filler composition, and filler silanization affect filler leachability of composites after storage in the simulated saliva and water media. We made 128 batches of experimental composites. Half of these used a bis-GMA/TEGDMA matrix and the other a UEDMA/TEGDMA matrix. Either silica or barium glass filler particles were incorporated into these matrices. Filler silanization was followed by a filler drying at 60 degrees C for 24 h. Half of the silanized particles received an additional heat treatment for 1 h at 110 degrees C in vacuum. One specimen per batch was stored in distilled water and the other in artificial saliva at 37 degrees C. After each 30-day interval for one year, the specimens were transferred to either freshly distilled water or newly mixed artificial saliva. The "old" solutions were analyzed by ICP for determination of the Si, Ba, and Al concentrations. Analysis of variance revealed that storage solution, filler composition, and total time in the storage solution had strong effects on the leachability (p < 0.0001 in all cases). The average monthly leakage of Si for quartz-filled composites was 0.22 +/- 0.20 microgram/mL (distilled water) and 2.80 +/- 1.20 microgram/mL (artificial saliva). For barium-glass-filled composites, the corresponding Si leaching values were 0.73 +/- 0.48 microgram/mL and 5.00 +/- 2.20 microgram/mL. The monthly means of the barium leaching values were 2.00 +/- 1.00 microgram/mL (distilled water) and 3.10 +/- 1.80 microgram/mL (artificial saliva). The large difference between leaching in artificial saliva and in distilled water, as well as the interaction between storage medium and filler, cast doubt on the clinical relevance of in vitro studies using distilled water.
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PMID:Filler leachability of composites stored in distilled water or artificial saliva. 895 23

Trace metal pollutants in the surface water of the Houston Ship Channel were determined using inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS). Metal concentrations varied according to sampling sites. Barium, cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, silver, beryllium, antimony, lead, and mercury concentrations were relatively similar throughout the channel averaging 83.25, 0.55, 6. 31, 6.66, 0.02, 0.017, 3.61, 0.68, and 0.055 microg/L, respectively. Titanium, manganese, copper, zinc, nickel, and selenium concentrations were found to be higher at stations closer to the Galveston Bay (as the water is turning from relatively fresh water to sea water) with concentration ranges of 102.5-351.7, 0.3-25, 0. 3-25, 30-280, 16-77, 6.2-26.5, and 0.0-6.2 microg/L, respectively. Aluminum was found to be much higher at the Buffalo Bayou station (341 microg/L) followed by the San Jacinto station (104 microg/L) with an average of 42 microg/L in the other two stations. Vanadium was found to be unusually high at the Washburn Tunnel station (116 microg/L) and at much lower concentrations in the other three stations, averaging 6.5 microg/L. Iron was also higher at the Buffalo Bayou station (143 microg/L) but was absent at the Lynchburg Ferries station. Arsenic was not found at the Lynchburg and San Jacinto stations. However, arsenic had similar concentrations of 1. 983 and 1.835 microg/L at Buffalo Bayou and Washburn Tunnel, respectively. Cadmium was higher at the Lynchburg Ferries station (3. 3 microg/L) and ranged from 0.3 to 0.96 microg/L in the other locations. Thallium was not found in any of the stations.
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PMID:Analysis of metal pollutants in the Houston Ship Channel by inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry. 1049 97

This study was carried out to characterise the mineralogical forms of barium and the trace heavy metal impurities in commercial barytes of different origins using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Qualitative EPMA results show the presence of typically eight different minerals in commercial barytes including barite (BaSO4), barium feldspar, galena (PbS), pyrite (FeS2), sphalerite (ZnS), quartz (SiO2), and silicates, etc. Quantitative EPMA confirms that the barite crystals in the barytes contain some strontium and a little calcium, whereas trace heavy metals occur in the associated minerals. Analysis of aqua regia extracts of barytes samples by ICP-MS has shown the presence of a large number of elements in the associated minerals. Arsenic, copper and zinc concentrations correlate closely in all 10 samples. The findings suggest that barytes is not, as traditionally thought, an inert mineral, but is a potentially toxic substance due to its associated heavy metal impurities, which can be determined by an aqua regia digest without the need for complete dissolution of the barite itself. X-ray powder diffraction was not informative as the complex barite pattern masks the very weak lines from the small amounts of associated minerals.
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PMID:Characterisation of mineralogical forms of barium and trace heavy metal impurities in commercial barytes by EPMA, XRD and ICP-MS. 1125 6

This paper presents multi-element profiles of indoor dust versus exterior soils and dusts from 50 residences located in 10 neighborhoods across Ottawa, the capital city of Canada. Mercury concentrations were determined using nitric-sulphuric acid digestion and cold vapor AAS. Concentrations of 31 other elements were determined using nitric-hydrofluoric acid digestion and ICP-MS. Comparisons of household dust, garden soil and street dust at the individual residence scale and at the community scale were based on a consistent 100-250-microm particle size fraction. Results showed housedust samples to contain significantly higher concentrations of many key elements, including lead, cadmium, antimony and mercury, than either street dust or garden soil samples. Also, housedust profiles revealed a distinct multi-element signature in relation to exterior dust and soil samples. Interestingly, garden soil contained higher concentrations of aluminum, barium and thallium than either house or street dust. Geometric mean concentrations (mg/kg) of these elements in household dust/garden soil were: lead 233/42; cadmium 4.42/0.27; antimony 5.54/0.25; mercury 1.728/0.055; aluminum 24281/55677; barium 454/763; and thallium 0.14/0.29. Street dust contained lower geometric mean concentrations than garden soil for 23 out of a total of 32 elements. In general, indoor/outdoor concentration ratios varied widely from one element to another, and from one residence to another within the community. In the case of Ottawa, which is a city with a low concentration of heavy industries, it would be difficult-to-impossible to accurately predict indoor dust concentrations based on exterior soil data. It is concluded that dust generated from sources within the house itself can contribute significantly to exposures to certain elements, such as lead, cadmium, antimony and mercury.
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PMID:A multi-element profile of housedust in relation to exterior dust and soils in the city of Ottawa, Canada. 1128 8

A new method for the determination of ultra-trace level of lanthanides such as La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm Yb and Lu in human rib is explored. Closed-vessel microwave digestion with concentrated HNO3 is used for the sample preparation and the digested analyte is directly analyzed by ICP-MS. The method is sensitive and accurate and, is efficient for the determination of the fourteen lanthanides listed above. Detection limit for various elements ranges from 0.0007 microgram/L to 0.005 microgram/L. Calibration plots exhibit good linearity with high linear correlation coefficient r > or = 0.997. Recoveries of spiked samples ranges from 93.7% to 115.4%. Precision is < 3% RSD. Rhodium is used as the internal standard to compensate the signal suppression caused by the sample matrix. Isobaric overlap of polyatomic ions caused by matrix oxide/hydroxide of barium is corrected by interference correction factor. Two standard reference materials, namely "Human Hair GBW07601" and "Wheat Flour GBW08503" are used for quality control of the analyzed samples.
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PMID:[Application of microwave dissolution and inductively coupled plasma-MS spectrometry for determination of ultra-trace level of lanthanides in human rib]. 1260 26

A method for the determination of aluminium and barium in silicon-aluminium-barium alloy with the internal standard by ICP-AES was studied. The method of melting sample, the interference of dissolved acid and coexisting elements and the working parameters were experimented. The sample was melted by appropriate acid, was changed into solution, the calculating lines were made by standard solution of aluminium and barium, then the concentrations of aluminium and barium were determined by ICP-AES. The linear rang, detection limits and RSD of the method were examined. The method was simple and the results were accurate.
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PMID:[Determination of aluminium and barium in silicon-aluminium-barium alloy with internal standard by ICP-AES]. 1295 14

The root/organic soil concentration ratio; R/S) of 50 cationic mineral elements was related to their ionic properties, including ionic radius (r), ionic charge (z), and ionic potential (z/r or z2/r). The materials studied were ectomycorrhizal beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) roots and their almost purely organic soil substrate, the O-horizon (mor; raw humus) of a Podzol in South Sweden, developed in a site which has been untouched by forestry or other mechanical disturbance since at least 50 years and located in an area with no local sources of pollution. Elements determined by ICP-AES were aluminium, barium, calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium and strontium. Determined by ICP-MS were silver, beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, cerium, cobalt, chromium, caesium, copper, dysprosium, erbium, europium, gallium, gadolinium, hafnium, mercury, holmium, indium, lanthanum, lithium, lutetium, niobium, neodymium, nickel, lead, praseodymium, rubidium, scandium, samarium, tin, terbium, thorium, titanium, thallium, thulium, uranium, vanadium, yttrium, ytterbium, zinc and zirconium. The R/S ratios were most clearly related to the ionic potential of the cationic elements studied, which accounted for approximately 60% of the variability in R/S among elements. The ionic charge of an element was more important than the ionic radius. Elements with high ionic charge had low R/S ratios and vice versa. No clear differences in R/S between essential and non-essential plant nutrients were observed, especially when ions of similar charge were compared.
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PMID:Ionic charge, radius, and potential control root/soil concentration ratios of fifty cationic elements in the organic horizon of a beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest podzol. 1526 69

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was used to study element ions in whole bodies of uninfected Biomphalaria glabrata snails and those experimentally infected with larval Schistosoma mansoni trematodes. Infected snails were analysed 8 weeks post-infection. Cohort snails that were left uninfected were analysed at the same time as the infected snails. Sixteen elements (aluminum, boron, barium, calcium, cadmium, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, nickel, lead, selenium, tin and zinc) were found to be present in infected and uninfected whole bodies at concentrations above the detection limit of the ICP-AES analysis. Of these, calcium, cadmium, manganese and sodium were present in significantly higher amounts (Student's t-test, P<0.05) in whole infected versus whole uninfected snails. Variations in the present results compared with other studies reflect intrinsic differences in the larval trematode-snail systems used.
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PMID:Effects of Schistosoma mansoni infection on inorganic elements in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata. 1557 93

The wide use of barium (Ba), cesium (Cs), antimony (Sb) and tungsten (W) in many industrial and agricultural fields causes the increased release of these metals into the environment, laying the basis for health risk. To assess the exposure for the general population, the development of adequate and reliable analytical techniques becomes compulsory. This study refers to the quantification of urinary Ba, Cs, Sb and W levels by both quadrupole (Q) and sector field (SF) inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The two procedures were compared for their performances and their measurement uncertainties. The limits of detection were (Q and SF) 23.0 and 5.21 ng L(-1) for Ba; 21.1 and 7.52 ng L(-1) for Cs; 1.09 and 0.43 ng L(-1) for Sb; and 0.36 and 0.49 ng L(-1) for W. The trueness was better than 93.3% and the precision less than 12% for both techniques. Relative expanded uncertainties of the analytical procedures, at the median levels found in the general population, were below 5% for all the elements with both ICP-MS techniques. The uncertainties related to the calibration and repeatability were the parameters most influencing the final analytical performance. The urinary median values observed in healthy subjects from central Italy were 1146, 4301, 60.8 and 48.5 ng L(-1) for Ba, Cs, Sb and W, respectively.
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PMID:Uncertainty of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry based measurements: an application to the analysis of urinary barium, cesium, antimony and tungsten. 1620 Jun 61


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