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Query: UMLS:C0268318 (ICP)
 10,007 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

ICP-MS is a powerful analytical technique for the determination of trace and ultra-trace elements in biological materials. Results are given of the analysis of human serum and of several biological reference materials (bovine liver, milk powder, wheat flour and pig kidney). Because concentrations of many trace metals of interest in these materials are low, dilution should be kept as limited as possible, although concentrations of certain concomitant elements (e.g. Na, K) can be high enough to cause significant suppression or enhancement of the ion signal. The result is that the dissolution procedure becomes a critical step in the analysis. Microwave digestion, wet digestion with several acids (HNO3, HClO4, HF) and simple dilution are compared with each other. In addition, three possible approaches to overcome these problems are discussed, namely the internal standardization method, the standard addition method and the isotope dilution method. Furthermore, ICP-MS is also more susceptible than initially expected to isobaric interferences arising from the plasma, the acids used in the sample preparation or the sample itself. These interferences are generally less important above a mass number of 80. Nevertheless, several researchers have investigated the possibility of removing the trace metals from the matrix or of using correction formulae based on the isotopic abundances of the elements. Some of these are evaluated. The need for identifying and quantifying chemical species, not just the elements, is well recognized. One of the reasons why elemental determination may not suffice is that different species of the same element may have a different chemical and toxicological behaviour. Arsenic (As(III), As(V)) and mercury (organomercury) are typical examples.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:A review of the capabilities of ICP-MS for trace element analysis in body fluids and tissues. 815 84

An on-line anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) flow system, interfaced with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) detectors, has been used for determination of arsenic(III) and selenium(IV) and for elimination of polyatomic interferences which arise from chloride in sample matrices. Details of the working electrode preparation are discussed. Arsenic signals in ICP-AES were enhanced by as much as 10 times through preconcentration of sample volumes up to 5 mL. Using ICP-AES detection, recoveries for analyte spikes in 1:10 diluted urine were 102% for As(III) (matrix-matched standards) and 91% for Se(IV) (standards in electrolyte). Using ICPMS detection, determination of certified Se(IV) and Se(IV) spikes in diluted NIST SRM 2670 elevated urine gave recoveries of 92-103%, while recoveries of As(III) spikes in diluted NIST SRM 2670 urine ranged from 94 to 113%. High levels of chloride matrix exhibited little effect on the arsenic signal with ICP-AES or ICPMS detection. Elimination of the polyatomic interference ArCl+ in ICPMS was very efficient for diluted NIST SRM 2670 urine and for a synthetic matrix of 1000 micrograms/mL chloride.
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PMID:Determination of arsenic(III) and selenium(IV) using an on-line anodic stripping voltammetry flow cell with detection by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. 829 28

The analysis of trace elements in biological samples will extend our understanding of the impact that environmental exposure to these elements has on human health. Measuring arsenic content in nails has proven useful in studies evaluating the chronic body burden of arsenic. In this study, we developed methodology with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for the determination of total arsenic in nails. We assessed the utility of the washing procedures for removing surface contamination. Four types of preanalysis treatments (water bath, sonication, water bath plus sonication, and control) after sample decomposition by nitric acid were compared to evaluate the digestion efficiencies. In addition, we studied the stability of the solution over 1 wk and the effect of acidity on the arsenic signal. Arsenic content in the digested solution was analyzed by using Ar-N2 plasma with Te as the internal standard. The results suggest that washing once with 1% Triton X-100 for 20 min for cleaning nail samples prior to ICP-MS analysis is satisfactory. Repeated measurement analysis of variance revealed that there was no significant difference among the various sample preparation techniques. Moreover, the measurements were reproducible within 1 wk, and acidity seemed to have no substantial influence on the arsenic signal. A limit of detection (on the basis of three times the standard deviation of the blank measurement) of 7 ng As/g toenail was achieved with this system, and arsenic recoveries from reference materials (human hair and nails) were in good agreement (95-106% recovery) with the certified/reference values of the standard reference materials. ICP-MS offers high accuracy and precision, as well as high-throughput capacity in the analysis of total arsenic in nail samples.
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PMID:Determination of total arsenic concentrations in nails by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. 1007 18

Trace metal pollutants in the surface water of the Houston Ship Channel were determined using inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS). Metal concentrations varied according to sampling sites. Barium, cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, silver, beryllium, antimony, lead, and mercury concentrations were relatively similar throughout the channel averaging 83.25, 0.55, 6. 31, 6.66, 0.02, 0.017, 3.61, 0.68, and 0.055 microg/L, respectively. Titanium, manganese, copper, zinc, nickel, and selenium concentrations were found to be higher at stations closer to the Galveston Bay (as the water is turning from relatively fresh water to sea water) with concentration ranges of 102.5-351.7, 0.3-25, 0. 3-25, 30-280, 16-77, 6.2-26.5, and 0.0-6.2 microg/L, respectively. Aluminum was found to be much higher at the Buffalo Bayou station (341 microg/L) followed by the San Jacinto station (104 microg/L) with an average of 42 microg/L in the other two stations. Vanadium was found to be unusually high at the Washburn Tunnel station (116 microg/L) and at much lower concentrations in the other three stations, averaging 6.5 microg/L. Iron was also higher at the Buffalo Bayou station (143 microg/L) but was absent at the Lynchburg Ferries station. Arsenic was not found at the Lynchburg and San Jacinto stations. However, arsenic had similar concentrations of 1. 983 and 1.835 microg/L at Buffalo Bayou and Washburn Tunnel, respectively. Cadmium was higher at the Lynchburg Ferries station (3. 3 microg/L) and ranged from 0.3 to 0.96 microg/L in the other locations. Thallium was not found in any of the stations.
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PMID:Analysis of metal pollutants in the Houston Ship Channel by inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry. 1049 97

Wild rice grain samples from various parts of the world have been found to have elevated concentrations of heavy metals, raising concern for potential effects on human health. It was hypothesized that wild rice from north-central Wisconsin could potentially have elevated concentrations of some heavy metals because of possible exposure to these elements from the atmosphere or from water and sediments. In addition, no studies of heavy metals in wild rice from Wisconsin had been performed, and a baseline study was needed for future comparisons. Wild rice plants were collected from four areas in Bayfield, Forest, Langlade, Oneida, Sawyer and Wood Counties in September, 1997 and 1998 and divided into four plant parts for elemental analyses: roots, stems, leaves and seeds. A total of 194 samples from 51 plants were analyzed across the localities, with an average of 49 samples per part depending on the element. Samples were cleaned of soil, wet digested, and analyzed by ICP for Ag, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mg, Pb, Se and Zn. Roots contained the highest concentrations of Ag, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, and Se. Copper was highest in both roots and seeds, while Zn was highest just in seeds. Magnesium was highest in leaves. Seed baseline ranges for the 10 elements were established using the 95% confidence intervals of the medians. Wild rice plants from northern Wisconsin had normal levels of the nutritional elements Cu, Mg and Zn in the seeds. Silver, Cd, Hg, Cr, and Se were very low in concentration or within normal limits for food plants. Arsenic and Pb, however, were elevated and could pose a problem for human health. The pathway for As, Hg and Pb to the plants could be atmospheric.
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PMID:Heavy metals in wild rice from northern Wisconsin. 1069 27

Edible seaweed products have been used in many countries, specifically Japan, as a food item. Recently these products have become popular in the food industry because of a number of interesting medicinal properties that have been associated with certain edible marine algae. Very little control exists over the composition of these products, which could be contaminated with a number of agents including heavy metals and certain radioactive isotopes. Fifteen seaweed samples (six local samples from the coast of British Columbia, seven from Japan, one from Norway and one undisclosed) were obtained. All samples were analyzed for multiple elements, using ICP mass spectrometry and for radioactive constituents. It was found that six of eight imported seaweed products had concentrations of mercury orders of magnitude higher than the local products. Lead was found at somewhat higher concentrations in only one local product. Laminaria japonica had the highest level of iodine content followed by Laminaria setchellii from local sources. Only traces of cesium-137 were found in a product from Norway and radium-226 was found in a product from Japan. Arsenic levels were found to be elevated. In order to estimate the effect of these levels on health, one needs to address the bioavailability and the speciation of arsenic in these samples.
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PMID:Elemental and radioactive analysis of commercially available seaweed. 1089 4

Leaching and runoff of arsenic (As) from the contaminated soil of an old wood impregnation plant, and fate in a recipient freshwater ecosystem, was studied in soil-water-sediment mesocosms in laboratory (0.9 m3; total water volume 200 l). During the 4-month experiment total leaching and discharge of As from regularly irrigated soil was approximately 40 mg, i.e. approximately 0.6% of total initial As content in the soil. Of the total As load, 7.5% remained in the water; 44% settled down to the shallow (water depth 5-30 cm) sediment zone; and 48.5% to the deeper (water depth 80 cm) sediment zone. The different arsenic species; arsenite [As(III)], arsenate [As(V)], monomethylarsonic acid (MMAA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA), were analysed from irrigation and discharge water; mesocosm pool water; and sediment pore water using ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (IC-ICP-MS). The total amounts of arsenic in soil, water and sediment were determined by ICP-MS. Arsenic was leached out from the soil as As(V). In mesocosm water As(V) was the predominant dissolved species, but DMAA and particle bound species, were also detected. In shallow sediment, As(V) was the most abundant species together with some DMAA, whereas in deep sediment As(III) was the dominant species.
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PMID:Leaching, runoff and speciation of arsenic in a laboratory mesocosm. 1100 86

Arsenic in the liver, kidney and muscle of three species of sea turtles, e.g., green turtles (Chelonia mydas), loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) and hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata), were determined using HG-AAS, followed by arsenic speciation analysis using HPLC-ICP-MS. The order of arsenic concentration in tissues was muscle > kidney > liver. Unexpectedly, the arsenic concentrations in the hawksbill turtles feeding mainly on sponges were higher than the two other turtles primarily eating algae and mollusk which accumulate a large amount of arsenic. Especially, the muscles of the hawksbill turtles contained remarkably high arsenic concentrations averaging 153 mg kg(-1) dry weight with the range of 23.1-205 mg kg(-1) (n = 4), even in comparison with the data from other organisms. The arsenic concentrations in the tissues of the green turtles were significantly decreased with standard carapace length as an indicator of growth. In arsenic compounds, arsenobetaine was mostly detected in the tissues of all the turtles. Besides arsenobetaine, a small amount of dimethylarsinic acid was also observed in the hawksbill turtles.
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PMID:Arsenic accumulation in three species of sea turtles. 1112 96

The concentration of As, Cr and Ni and their speciation (As3+;5+, Cr3+;6+ and Ni0;2+) in milled coal, bottom ash and ash collected by electrostatic precipitator (ESP) from a coal fired-power plant in western Canada were determined using HGAAS, ICP-AES and XANES. The chemical fractionation of these elements was also determined by a sequential leaching procedure, using deionized water, NH4OAC and HCI as extracting agents. The leachate was analyzed by ICP-AES. Arsenic in the milled coal is mostly associated with organic matter, and 67% of this arsenic is removed by ammonium acetate. This element is totally removed from milled coal after extraction with HCI. Arsenic occurs in both the As3+ and the As5+ oxidation states in the milled coal, while virtually all (>90%) of the arsenic in bottom ash and fly ash appears to be in the less toxic arsenate (As5+) form. Both Ni and Cr in the milled coal are extracted by HCI, indicating that water can mobilize Ni and Cr in an acidic environment. The chromium is leached by water from fly ash as a result of the high pH of the water, which is induced during the leaching. Ammonium acetate removes Ni from bottom ash through an ion exchange process. Chromium in milled coal is present entirely as Cr3+, which is an essential human trace nutrient. The Cr speciation in bottom ash is a more accentuated version of the milled coal and consists mostly of the Cr3+ species. Chromium in fly ash is mostly Cr3+, with significant contamination by stainless-steel from the installation itself.
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PMID:Monitoring the species of arsenic, chromium and nickel in milled coal, bottom ash and fly ash from a pulverized coal-fired power plant in western Canada. 1125 1

This study was carried out to characterise the mineralogical forms of barium and the trace heavy metal impurities in commercial barytes of different origins using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Qualitative EPMA results show the presence of typically eight different minerals in commercial barytes including barite (BaSO4), barium feldspar, galena (PbS), pyrite (FeS2), sphalerite (ZnS), quartz (SiO2), and silicates, etc. Quantitative EPMA confirms that the barite crystals in the barytes contain some strontium and a little calcium, whereas trace heavy metals occur in the associated minerals. Analysis of aqua regia extracts of barytes samples by ICP-MS has shown the presence of a large number of elements in the associated minerals. Arsenic, copper and zinc concentrations correlate closely in all 10 samples. The findings suggest that barytes is not, as traditionally thought, an inert mineral, but is a potentially toxic substance due to its associated heavy metal impurities, which can be determined by an aqua regia digest without the need for complete dissolution of the barite itself. X-ray powder diffraction was not informative as the complex barite pattern masks the very weak lines from the small amounts of associated minerals.
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PMID:Characterisation of mineralogical forms of barium and trace heavy metal impurities in commercial barytes by EPMA, XRD and ICP-MS. 1125 6


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