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 10,007 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A method for determining atmospheric diborane in concentrations higher than 1/10 of TLV, i.e., 0.01 ppm, has been developed using the adsorption sampling method. Silica gel impregnated with potassium permanganate, synthetic resin activated carbon impregnated with or without mercury(II) chloride and activated carbon impregnated with chromate salt showed adsorption capacities larger than 18 l of 3 ppm diborane test gas when the test gas was drawn at 300 ml/min. Complete desorption of the adsorbed diborane was possible only from silica gel impregnated with potassium permanganate into a hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution. As methods for determining the desorbed boron, both the chromotropic acid-HPLC method and ICP-AES were applied. The former was more sensitive, but the latter was less influenced by coexistent substances. The most sensitive and reproducible procedure for diborane determination was as follows: diborane is collected with silica gel impregnated with potassium permanganate (0.05% (w/w)) and desorbed into hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution (400 micrograms/ml) followed by the determination of boron by the chromotropic acid-HPLC method. When diborane in 3 l of 0.1 ppm test gas was collected, the desorption efficiency was 105.3% with an RSD of 13.5%. The limit of quantitation of this method was 0.0026 ppm in 3 l air. Much lower concentrations can be determined by sampling larger amounts of air.
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PMID:Determination of diborane by adsorption sampling using modified silica gel and the chromotropic acid-HPLC method. 131 78

A simple and sensitive procedure for total mercury in whole blood and urine using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is described. Specimens are prepared by precipitation-extraction with 50% v/v hydrochloric acid containing EDTA and cysteine, centrifuged, and filtered through fritended screening column; the filtrates are directly analyzed by ICP-MS. The method is linear between 2 and 200 micrograms/L in the specimen with an absolute sensitivity of 0.2 microgram/L in the final supernatant. The assay variability at various concentrations (microgram/L) of mercury are as follows: intra-assay whole blood (n = 20)-4.6 +/- 0.6 (c.v. 12.3%), 18.3 +/- 1.1 (c.v. 6.1%), 56.4 +/- 2.8 (c.v. 5.0%); inter-assay whole blood (n = 15)-5.7 +/- 1.0 (c.v. 16.8%), 19.7 +/- 2.7 (c.v. 13.5%), and 50.1 +/- 6.9 (c.v. 13.7%); urine (n = 20)-9.3 +/- 1.2 (c.v. 12.9%), 29.6 +/- 2.2 (c.v. 7.4%). Recovery of organic and inorganic mercury from blood samples ranges from 91.6% to 110.2%. The method is suitable for analysis of total mercury, both organic and inorganic, in whole blood and urine.
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PMID:A simple ICP-MS procedure for the determination of total mercury in whole blood and urine. 140 38

Based on the recent development of analytical methods, sensitive systems for the analysis and speciation of selenium and arsenic have been established. A palladium addition technique was developed for the accurate determination of selenium in biological samples using graphite furnace atomic absorption analysis. For the speciation of the elements, combined methods of HPLC either with ICP-AES or with ICP-MS were found to work well. These systems were applied to the elucidation of the chemical form of the elements in natural samples. Some chemical properties of the selenium-mercury complex in dolphin liver were elucidated: i.e., it was a cationic, water-soluble, low molecular weight compound containing selenium and mercury in a 1:1 molar ratio, and was shown to be different from a known selenium-mercury complex, bis(methylmercuric)selenide. The major selenium compound excreted in human urine was revealed to be other than any of those previously identified (TMSe, selenate, and selenite). TMSe, a suspected major metabolite in urine, was found, if at all, in low levels. The major water-soluble, and lipid-soluble arsenic compounds in a brown seaweed, U. pinnatifida (WAKAME), were rigorously identified, and the results were compared with other data on marine algae and animals. The major organic arsenic compounds (termed "arseno-sugars") in marine algae commonly contain 5-deoxy-5-dimethylarsinyl-ribofuranoside moiety. There are various kinds of arseno-sugar derivatives containing different side-chains attached to the anomeric position of the sugar, and the distribution of each arsenic species seems to be related to algal species. The arseno-sugar (A-XI) is present in every alga so far examined, is metabolized to lipids, and possibly may play some specific role in the algal cells. On the other hand, the major arsenic compound in fish, crustacea and molluscs has been identified as arsenobetaine, which is an arseno-analog of glycinebetaine, a very common osmo-regulator in living organisms. Arsenobetaine is not detected in marine algae while arseno-sugars are not present in marine animals except for some molluscs which contain both compounds in considerable amounts. Arsenobetaine is present in the urine of human beings who have eaten foods derived from marine animals.
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PMID:Selenium and arsenic in biology: their chemical forms and biological functions. 144 44

The content of mercury and silver (mean values) was estimated by ICP-MS in the rot tips of amalgam-filled teeth, non-filled teeth and milk teeth. The concentration of mercury in amalgam-filled teeth was 6.0 mg/kg in non-filled adult teeth 0.2 mg/kg and in milk teeth 0.3 mg/kg. The concentration of silver in amalgam-filled teeth was 2.6 mg/kg, in non-filled adult teeth 0.08 mg/kg and in milk teeth 0.06 mg/kg. A theory is presented on how selenium protects against the formation of free radicals by heavy metals and/or peroxides which result in cellular damage.
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PMID:Selenium and its protection against the effects of mercury and silver. 182 37

Among other elements (manganese, molybdenum, cadmium, mercury, lead, nickel), the levels of selenium in healthy human sera (n = 56) and plasma (n = 15) were measured by ICP spectrometry. It was ascertained by the multielement analysis that of 40 nineteen year-old males (from 28 different villages in one county 15 showed lower than detectable levels of selenium in their sera (n = 25) and plasma (n = 15) samples. For this reason, the selenium contents of the sera of 31 blood donors were determined by the ICP spectrometry, with hybrid generation. By this same technique the selenium in sera of 16 men aged between 24-60 years (mean = 43.3 years) was measured as 24.06 micrograms/l (13-42 micrograms/l), while in 15 women between the ages of 19-64 years (mean 39.3 years) it amounted to 20.86 micrograms/l (11-31 micrograms/l). In 28 cases from 40 samples (25 sera and 15 plasma) the concentration of molybdenum was smaller than the detectable limit (less than 0.0011 mg/l). Firstly, these results prove that amongst healthy individuals, in Hungary, molybdenum and selenium deficiency states exist. The authors conclude that there is a relationship between these deficiency states, as risk factors, and the frequently occurring diseases (malignant tumours, cardiovascular diseases, etc.) in Hungary.
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PMID:[Trace element deficiency in healthy subjects based on multi-element analysis of serum and plasma]. 200 26

A method for determining phosphine was developed using adsorption sampling followed by colorimetric measurement. Two types of adsorbent used in this study were prepared from silica gel by impregnation with potassium permanganate (1% w/w) or (mercury(II) chloride and sodium chloride) (0.2 + 0.2% w/w). Each adsorbent (150 mg) packed in a glass tube had the capacity to adsorb 0.3 ppm of phosphine in 3 l of test gas passing through at a rate of 300 ml/min without breakthrough. The adsorbed phosphine was desorbed into solutions as phosphate and the recovered phosphate was determined by ICP-AES or by one of two kinds of colorimetric methods for phosphate based on the molybdenum blue method, i.e., the colorimetric method following JIS K 0102 and that following the NIOSH Manual of analytical method, No. S 332. When 0.01 ppm of phosphine in 3 l of test gas was adsorbed on the potassium permanganate adsorbent and determined by the JIS method, 93.8% of the phosphine was recovered as phosphate with a CV of 12.9% (n = 3). This method was applicable to field surveys of phosphine in workplaces. The other method with the mercury(II) chloride adsorbent followed by the NIOSH method resulted in lower recovery of phosphate in low phosphine concentration range. ICP-AES was less sensitive than the colorimetries. The effect of coexistent arsenite or silicate on the colorimetry of phosphate was assessed.
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PMID:Determination of phosphine by adsorption sampling with modified silica gel and colorimetry of phosphate. 217 61

In vitro mercury release from silver amalgam fillings was analyzed by ICP (Inductively-coupled-plasma-atomic-emission-spectroscopy). Within 14 days 63.2 micrograms Hg and 41.5 micrograms Hg respectively, were released from unfinished and finished amalgam fillings (n = 5). The amounts of mercury found in this study were several times higher compared with the results from other in vitro-studies.
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PMID:[Mercury release of silver amalgam fillings in vitro]. 225 94

We have adapted an Ortho ICP-22 flow cytometer (Ortho Instruments, Westwood MA) for the simultaneous measurement of three independent fluorochromes and cell volume. This has been accomplished by the addition of a third photomultiplier tube and the development of a new electronic cell volume (ECV) flow cell. Cells are first analyzed as they pass through the 100 U ECV aperture and are then excited approximately 15 musec later by the 365 nm mercury are beam reflected by a 400 nm dicroic mirror. Independent blue, green and red signals can be associated by a delay circuit to the ECV signal from the same cell. We have developed this system as an aid in the analysis of tumor cell and macrophage heterogeneity and differentiation. The choice of stain combinations to be used is extremely flexible and permits the analysis of a wide range of enzyme activities in conjunction with DNA/RNA and phagocytic probes. Data presented indicates the value of this approach in identifying the presence of plasminogen activator-like activity in both tumor and inflammatory cells within a malignant effusion as well as the quantitative expression of a number of markers of macrophage differentiation. Although the described techniques have been developed on a mercury arc instrument, they can be used equally well with cell sorters.
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PMID:Simultaneous three color and electronic cell volume analysis with a single UV excitation source. 618 88

Organometal compounds of arsenic, antimony, and mercury are speciated using supercritical fluid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (ICP-MS) detection. The multi-element capability of ICP-MS for transient signals is examined by detecting five compounds containing all three elements in a single chromatographic injection. The results obtained are compared with those obtained from flame-ionization detection (FID). Trimethyl arsine is not distinguished from the solvent peak when FID is used because it coelutes with the solvent, whereas trimethyl arsine is detected when ICP-MS is used because of its element-selective nature. The detection limits obtained by ICP-MS are 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than those obtained by FID. Determination of isotope abundance is also demonstrated for triphenyl antimony and diphenyl mercury compounds.
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PMID:Multi-element detection of organometals by supercritical fluid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection. 759 7

ICP-MS is a powerful analytical technique for the determination of trace and ultra-trace elements in biological materials. Results are given of the analysis of human serum and of several biological reference materials (bovine liver, milk powder, wheat flour and pig kidney). Because concentrations of many trace metals of interest in these materials are low, dilution should be kept as limited as possible, although concentrations of certain concomitant elements (e.g. Na, K) can be high enough to cause significant suppression or enhancement of the ion signal. The result is that the dissolution procedure becomes a critical step in the analysis. Microwave digestion, wet digestion with several acids (HNO3, HClO4, HF) and simple dilution are compared with each other. In addition, three possible approaches to overcome these problems are discussed, namely the internal standardization method, the standard addition method and the isotope dilution method. Furthermore, ICP-MS is also more susceptible than initially expected to isobaric interferences arising from the plasma, the acids used in the sample preparation or the sample itself. These interferences are generally less important above a mass number of 80. Nevertheless, several researchers have investigated the possibility of removing the trace metals from the matrix or of using correction formulae based on the isotopic abundances of the elements. Some of these are evaluated. The need for identifying and quantifying chemical species, not just the elements, is well recognized. One of the reasons why elemental determination may not suffice is that different species of the same element may have a different chemical and toxicological behaviour. Arsenic (As(III), As(V)) and mercury (organomercury) are typical examples.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:A review of the capabilities of ICP-MS for trace element analysis in body fluids and tissues. 815 84


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