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A sensitive assay using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) has been applied to the measurement of trace elements in diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb) solutions. Calcium, magnesium, zinc and iron were the only elements detected at greater than background levels. Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb, Se, Si, Sr, Ti, and V were present at concentrations either equal to the acid blanks or were not detected. Detection of non-heme iron (not incorporated into the hemoglobin porphyrin ring) in a 10 g/dL hemoglobin solution required the development of a special protocol. In this protocol a chelator, DTPA, was added to hemoglobin solutions to complex with both free and non-specifically bound non-heme iron. The resulting iron:DTPA complexes were separated from the hemoglobin molecules by ultrafiltration and the ultra-filtrate analyzed by ICP-AES. A modification of this assay in which the DTPA was omitted was used to measure the free non-heme iron in solution. Typical concentrations of chelatable (free and non-specifically bound) and solution (free) non-heme iron in DCLHb production lots at the completion of manufacture were 0.5-1.0 ppm and 0.1-0.3 ppm, respectively.
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PMID:Trace element analyses of diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin solutions. 139 63

The combination of liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) was employed in an exploratory study to determine lead and other trace element species in blood components. In human blood serum, lead was found in at least three molecular weight fractions at greater than 600,000, 260,000, and 140,000. The major part of lead was coincident with the main copper signal at a molecular weight of 140,000. This fraction, binding both copper and lead, was proven to be ceruloplasmin by the application of an immunological reaction prior to chromatographic separation. In rat serum, lead could be detected in four fractions with molecular weights of greater than 600,000, 400,000, 145,000, and 11,000. In human red blood cell hemolysate, the major fraction of lead was found at 250,000, with minor fractions at 140,000 and at 30,000 together with iron in hemoglobin and zinc in carbonic anhydrase. In rat red blood cell hemolysate, lead was detected at greater than 600,000, 145,000, 30,000, and 11,000. Lead isotope ratios were determined in lead binding protein fractions with a precision of +/- 10%. The detection limit for lead in protein fractions was 0.15 micrograms.L-1.
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PMID:Determination of lead and other trace element species in blood by size exclusion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry. 182 13

A novel approach for determination of phytic acid in cereals has been applied in 2 traditional methods. In the first, phytic acid in a sample extract is first separated and concentrated by ion-exchange chromatography. The phytic acid concentrate is then quantitatively determined as phosphorus by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). In the second method, extracted phytic acid is first precipitated by FeCl3 solution. The complexed iron is converted to ferric hydroxide by adding NaOH, thus releasing phytic acid as soluble sodium phytate. Phytate is then quantitatively determined as phosphorus by ICP-AES. In these methods, both the difficult acid digestion and the spectrometric determination of phosphorus found in traditional methods are eliminated by using ICP-AES. This results in a method that is simpler, faster, and more accurate than earlier procedures.
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PMID:Determination of phytic acid in cereals using ICP-AES to determine phosphorus. 202 74

Elemental analysis of plaque-like black deposits noted on the surface of teeth in zinc-deficient rats at necropsy was performed. Rats deficient in zinc show signs of abnormality in iron metabolism and increase or accumulation of iron in plasma and tissues. This study was designed, therefore, to examine the plasma and salivary levels of iron and other elements and to determine the distribution of mineral elements in the dental substances of zinc-deficient rats by contact microradiography, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and X-ray fluorescent element mapping spectrometry (XEMS) on ground sections of teeth. Rat tooth specimens were analyzed also for zinc, iron, copper and manganese using colorimetry and Inductively Coupled Plasma, ICP. EPMA and XEMS analyses revealed the presence of iron on the enamel surface of maxillary molars teeth of zinc-deficient rats. However, no such deposition was seen on those of controls. The zinc-deficient rats showed higher iron concentration in mixed saliva and in plasma, compared with the controls. Thus, the sign of abnormality in iron metabolism noted in the oral cavity of zinc-deficient rats was investigated by EPMA and XEMS analyses, with discussion on the origin of supradental iron deposits.
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PMID:Studies on the distribution of mineral elements in the tooth of zinc-deficient rats. 213 64

A method was developed for the determination of seven trace elements (Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Rb, Mo, and Cs) in human serum by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Sample preparation was kept as limited as possible. As the only sample pretreatment serum samples were diluted with nitric acid and indium was added as an internal standard. The results for iron, cobalt, copper, and zinc were corrected for interferences from polyatomic ions by using a blank solution containing the same concentration of sodium, sulfur, chlorine, and calcium as human serum. For copper and zinc the corrections are small, whereas for iron and cobalt they are important. No interferences occur for the considered isotopes of rubidium, molybdenum, and cesium. In order to test the accuracy and precision of the analytical technique, a "second-generation biological reference material (human serum)" was analyzed. The results obtained by ICP-MS for the seven elements considered showed good agreement with the certified values.
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PMID:Determination of iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, rubidium, molybdenum, and cesium in human serum by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. 280 47

This preliminary report examines the possible disturbances in mineral and trace element metabolism in idiopathic ischaemic necrosis of the femoral head. Bony specimens from 45 femoral heads removed from patients with this condition were compared with 62 osteoarthritic and 10 normal femoral heads. Blood analysis was also carried out in the first two groups of patients, who were having joint replacement operations. The normal specimens were obtained at postmortem. Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, Copper, Manganese and Zinc were analysed in blood and bone by atom absorption spectrophotometry, and Cadmium, Chromium, Nickel and Lead by ICP emission spectroscopy. In ischaemic necrosis Magnesium and Copper are especially decreased, but the toxic trace elements Cadmium, Nickel, Lead and Chromium are found in a significantly higher concentration in the femoral head. It is submitted that these findings indicate the need for further investigation.
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PMID:Investigation of ischaemic necrosis of the femoral head with trace elements. 322 Jun 25

Because of a possible hazard from the use of radioisotopes to determine iron absorption by infants, the use of stable isotopes for this purpose has much appeal. We have applied the method of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) to determine the mass ratio, 58Fe/57Fe, in blood before and after oral administration of 58Fe. From the increase in erythrocyte enrichment with 58Fe, we have calculated percentage absorption of iron. We have shown that the coefficient of variation of measured mass isotope ratio is 0.1-1.0%, depending on the conditions of the measurement. The method has been applied to a feasibility study involving four infants. Each infant was given 58Fe either as a single dose or as one dose on each of two consecutive days. Each dose provided 1.945 mg iron and 1.440 mg 58Fe. Samples of blood were obtained before isotope administration and at 14, 42, and 60 days thereafter. Isotopic analysis of the samples demonstrates that this approach results in a sufficiently large isotope enrichment to permit satisfactory measurement of iron availability. It is concluded that this new method is highly promising for studies of iron availability in infants and children.
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PMID:Erythrocyte incorporation of ingested stable isotope of iron (58Fe). 394 10

The pattern of selective release of chromium, iron and molybdenum from a non-prepassivated ferritic stainless steel, with the designation SS 2326 and a nickel content of 0.3%, has been measured in artificial saliva under static conditions using nuclear tracer and ESCA techniques. The ICP-method was used to detect nickel which was found only in one case. The release rate of chromium, iron and molybdenum showed a strong time-dependent decrease as a consequence of chromium enrichment in the surface. This was shown by ESCA-measurements. This kinetics is characteristic for a passivating alloy i.e. self passivation. In view of the low nickel content of the SS 2326 steel compared to conventional stainless steel, the material may possess potential for use as a dental or orthopaedic biomaterial.
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PMID:Corrosion of a stainless steel with low nickel content under static conditions. 405 39

Due to limited erythropoiesis, iron needs for the premature infant during the first 2 months of life are low. With the potential for increased use of erythropoietin in the preterm infant, iron requirements may become markedly higher. The ability of the preterm infant to absorb iron, therefore, becomes crucial. Previous studies using single stable isotopes of iron without metabolic balances were unable to quantitatively determine iron absorption since the percentage of absorbed iron appearing in the erythrocyte could not be measured. The objective of the current study was to determine iron absorption using the method of erythrocyte iron incorporation of two stable isotopes of iron given by the enteral and parenteral route to very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Results obtained were compared to iron absorption values from studies using single isotopes and metabolic balance techniques. Six VLBW premature infants (gestational age 26.8 +/- 1.7 weeks, postnatal age 3.6 +/- 1.9 weeks, birth weight 863 +/- 117 g) were studied. Iron dosages were (i.v.) 0.15 mg/kg (57FeSO4) and (enteral) 1.5 mg/kg (58FeSO4). Erythrocyte isotope ratios, 57Fe/54Fe and 58Fe/54Fe, were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) from single blood samples (100 microliters) collected before and after concurrent enteral (58Fe) and parenteral (57Fe) administration of isotopes. Only 17.8% of the i.v.-infused iron dose was incorporated into hemoglobin on day 15. Using a correction factor based on the percentage of i.v. iron (57Fe) incorporated into erythrocytes, the corrected incorporation of 58Fe was calculated to be 26.3 +/- 13.0% of the enteral dose of 58FeSO4.
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PMID:Determination of iron absorption using erythrocyte iron incorporation of two stable isotopes of iron (57Fe and 58Fe) in very low birthweight premature infants. 747 6

EuCl3.6H2O was administered by gavage for 28 consecutive days to groups of 10 male and 10 female rats (Slc:Wistar strain) at doses of 0, 40, 200, or 1000 mg/kg/day. Additional groups of male and female rats receiving the 0 and 1000 mg/kg doses were used to assess recovery after 14 days subsequent to cessation of compound administration. Body weights and food consumption were measured, and hematological, clinical biochemistry, and histopathological examination were performed. The concentrations of europium (Eu) and of essential elements in organs were determined by ICP-MS or ICP-AES. In the rats of each sex dosed at 200 and 1000 mg/kg, the body weight gain significantly decreased because of reduction in food consumption. Hyperkeratosis of the forestomach and eosinocyte infiltration of the stomach submucosa were found in both sexes receiving the 1000 mg/kg dose group, suggesting an irritation effect by EuCl3.6H2O. The Eu levels increased dose dependently in the liver, kidneys, spleen, and femurs, and the accumulated volume of Eu in these organs was estimated to be about 1/100,000 of the total dosed amount. The administration of EuCl3.6H2O increased the serum iron concentration in males and the serum total iron binding capacity in each sex and decreased cholinesterase activity in females in the 1000 mg/kg dosed group. Iron concentrations in the spleen and strontium concentrations in the femurs of rats of both sexes dosed at 1000 mg/kg were significantly decreased. We concluded that the no-observed-effect level is 200 mg/kg/day. Our investigation demonstrated that elemental analyses of organs is a useful approach to toxicological study.
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PMID:Toxicity study of europium chloride in rats. 747 67


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