Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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The landmarks and important state-of-the-art work in biomedical telemetry are reviewed. The advantages provided by transmission of physiologic data from minimally restrained to completely unencumbered subjects with biomedical telemetry systems is discussed both from the standpoint of the wide variety of physiologic parameters and subjects that can be monitored and in terms of the various proven electronic techniques for implementing this mode of physiologic data transmission and recovery. Monitored parameter capabilities now include biopotentials (ECG, EMG, EEG), temperature, mechanical events (muscle force, limb motion), pH, pressure (ICP, blood pressure), and others. The system developments in biomedical telemetry have had the aims of minimizing size, weight, and volume while extending the operating capabilities of the systems in terms of minimum required power, multiplicity of data channels, and reliable operation in the intended operating environment. These developments have progressed from discrete transistor to integrated microcircuit implementations in systems which can encode the physiologic data as FM, PAM, PWM, or PCM. Biotelemeters can be utilized as external (backpack) or completely implantable devices and today may be found in the research laboratory, the intensive care unit, portable patient care units, and in the freely ranging animal in the field usually employing a radio link. Also discussed are considerations for power sources and power source recharging through the tissues of implanted subjects. There are advantages and disadvantages to using biomedical telemetry, to using implanted or external biotelemeters, and to each of the various encoding techniques. These are considered, and the future of biomedical telemetry is projected.
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PMID:Biomedical telemetry techniques. 704 72

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is known to possess several mechanisms whereby it can evade the normal host immune defences. In this study the expression of the immunosuppressive cytokine, interleukin (IL)-10, was monitored following infection of a murine keratinocyte cell line (PAM-212) and compared with the expression of two proinflammatory cytokines: IL-1 alpha and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. The PAM-212 cells were infected at a multiplicity of 0.5 with a clinical isolate of HSV type 1, and the mRNA of the three cytokines was assessed by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) over the following 24 hr. By 12 hr postinfection the amount of IL-10 mRNA had increased significantly to five-fold greater than that found in uninfected cells (P < 0.01), and this elevated level was maintained until at least 24 hr postinfection. In contrast, IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha mRNAs were not significantly up-regulated by the HSV infection. Immunostaining with an IL-10 monoclonal antibody (mAb) revealed that cytoplasmic IL-10 protein had increased by 6-12 hr postinfection. This quantity was further increased at 24 hr postinfection, when the viral cytopathic effect was apparent. Viral replication was necessary, but not sufficient on its own, for IL-10 induction. Experiments with HSV mutants lacking functional transactivating factors suggested that the viral transactivating proteins ICP-0 and VP-16 may be necessary for HSV-induced IL-10 expression. Thus, the up-regulation in the expression of IL-10 mRNA and protein induced by HSV early in the infection of keratinocytes represents a specific response and may be part of the viral strategy to avoid local immune defence mechanisms in the skin.
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PMID:Infection of murine keratinocytes with herpes simplex virus type 1 induces the expression of interleukin-10, but not interleukin-1 alpha or tumour necrosis factor-alpha. 1189 34

This paper describes the sequence of analyses used to determine the nature of a stain located on the floor of room in the former Athens Mental Health and Retardation Hospital in Athens, OH. The location of the stain was reported to be the position in which a decomposing body was discovered on January 11, 1979. The current stain is found to contain strong evidence for both natural decomposition products and deliberate adulteration. Microscopic analyses, solubility tests, FTIR, ICP-OES, pyrolysis-MS, and derivatization GC-MS were consistent in determining the removable parts of the stain to be composed mostly of calcium and sodium salts of free fatty acids, such as palmitic acid, consistent with previous descriptions of adipocere. The free fatty acids could have been formed via known bacterial degradation pathways or via saponification through the basic environment caused through contact with the concrete. To our knowledge, adipocere formation on an exposed indoor environment has not been described before. The stain and concrete also show signs of being chemically modified with an acidic reagent, such as Blu-Lite--a phosphoric acid-based cleaner that was a commonly used cleaner in the building from the time of discovery to the present day. The chemical etching appears to have been restricted to an area resembling the shape of a human body, which is consistent with deliberate adulteration of the appearance of the stain.
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PMID:Analysis of suspected trace human remains from an indoor concrete surface. 1871 51

The structure of dietary triacylglycerols is thought to influence fatty acid and calcium absorption, as well as intestinal microbiota population of the host. In the present study, we investigated the impact of palmitic acid (PA) esterified at the sn-2 position on absorption of fatty acid and calcium and composition of intestinal microorganisms in rats fed high-fat diets containing either low sn-2 PA (12.1%), medium sn-2 PA (40.4%) or high sn-2 PA (56.3%), respectively. Fecal fatty acid profiles in the soaps were measured by gas chromatography (GC), while fecal calcium concentration was detected by ICP-MS. The fecal microbial composition was assessed using a 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology and fecal short-chain fatty acids were detected by ion chromatograph. Dietary supplementation with a high sn-2 PA fat significantly reduced total fecal contents of fatty acids soap and calcium compared with the medium or low sn-2 PA fat groups. Diet supplementation with sn-2 PA fat did not change the entire profile of the gut microbiota community at phylum level and the difference at genera level also were minimal in the three treatment groups. However, high sn-2 PA fat diet could potentially improve total short-chain fatty acids content in the feces, suggesting that high dietary sn-2 PA fat might have a beneficial effect on host intestinal health.
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PMID:Characterisation of Fecal Soap Fatty Acids, Calcium Contents, Bacterial Community and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Sprague Dawley Rats Fed with Different sn-2 Palmitic Triacylglycerols Diets. 2778